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APUSH > UNIT 4 : 1800 - 1848 > Flashcards

UNIT 4 : 1800 - 1848 Flashcards

1
Q

What were the cause of policy debates?

A

The further rise of political parties who fiercely oppose one another

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2
Q

What was the “Revolution of 1800” and who named it?

A
  • Thomas Jefferson won the election of 1800, where it was the first peaceful transfer of power between rival parties
  • Jefferson named it.
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3
Q

What were the debates over the power of federal government?

A
  • Democratic Republicans abolished the whiskey tax
  • Jefferson minimized federal government power by limiting the military and minimizing the number of federal jobs
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4
Q

Why did the French sell the Louisiana territory to the US without any conflict?

A
  • The French happened to lose their war against their Haitian colonies during the Haitian Revolution, so access through Haiti to the Louisiana territory became difficult
  • Saw it as a way to get money to pay off war debts
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5
Q

Why was the Louisiana Purchase controversial to Thomas Jefferson?

A
  • Jefferson abandoned his party values of following a strict interpretation of the Constitution that stated NOTHING in regards to granting the president the power to buy land
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6
Q

How did the Louisiana Purchase play out, and what were the justifications?

A
  • Thomas Jefferson sent James Monroe to France with $2 million with a limit of $10 million, for only a piece of the Louisiana territory
  • Napoleon offered ALL of the Louisiana Territory for $15 million
  • Monroe took the deal without consent
  • Jefferson justified the purchase by stating that it gave more land to push the Natives out
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7
Q

What was the Corps of Discovery? And what did it lead to?

A
  • now that the country was doubled, someone needed to explore the new land
  • Jefferson assigned Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore
  • Started LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION in 1804, exploring thousands of miles up the Mississippi River
  • Zebulan Pike (1806) explored Southern Parts of Mississippi
  • Led to accurate mapping, greater scientific knowledge of the region and the establishment of diplomatic relations with Indians
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8
Q

Who was John Marshall?

A
  • 4th Chief Justice during early 1800’s
  • may have done more in expanding feral and court power than anyone else
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9
Q

What CAUSED Marbury V Madison?

A
  • John Adams spent last days of administration packing 16 open seats of Supreme Court with Federalists judges (Midnight Judges)
  • Jefferson took office and appointed Madison as Secretary of State, who did NOT deliver the appointments made by Adams
  • One of the appointed judges, William Marbury, argued that he had the right to his commission under the Judiciary Act
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10
Q

What HAPPENED DURING Marbury V Madison?

A
  • John Marshall stated that under law, Marbury had the right to the commission
  • BUT since the Supreme Court was the final interpreter of the Constitution, they had the authority to declare laws unconstitutional
  • Judiciary Act itself was declared unconstitutional
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11
Q

What was the RESULT of Marbury V Madison?

A
  • Judicial Review: significantly increased power of the Supreme Court by giving them power to determine the constitutionality of laws
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12
Q

What was McCulloch V Maryland and its result?

A

(1819)
- argument over whether a state had the power to tax the federal bank
- Marshall declared a state CANNOT tax federal bank
- National law trumps state law whenever the two contradict

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13
Q

What were the Barbary States?

A
  • since 1790’s, the federal government had been paying the Barbary States of North Africa tribute in exchange for their protection of US merchant ships trading in that area
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14
Q

What did Jefferson do with the Barbary States, and why? What did this lead to?

A
  • Once Jefferson took office, the ruler of Tripoli demanded even higher payments of tribute
  • Jefferson opposed and refused to pay
  • US protection got rebuked, Barbary pirates attacked
  • Jefferson sent US Navy
  • Never broke into full war
  • Intermittent fighting for next 4 years
  • Eventually agreed upon reduced tribute payment
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15
Q

What were the TWO main causes of the War of 1812?

A
  • Continued impressment of American citizens into fighting for the British
  • The issues on the frontier, where Americans were expanding West into Indian territories (America found out Britain had been aiding Indian tribes to attack westward migrating American settlers)
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16
Q

Who were Warhawks?

A

people eager for war with Britain

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17
Q

What was the Federalist stance on the topic of War of 1812?

A
  • they fiercely opposed war with Britain, since many were British loyalists
  • even had a meeting called Hartford Convention where they threatened to secede from the Union
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18
Q

What were the results of the War of 1812?

A
  • America didn’t lose or win
  • Swelling Nationalism
  • Federalists were looked down upon, eventually led to the dissolve of the party
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19
Q

What did War of 1812 reveal about National Banks?

A
  • Showed weakness of America without the National Bank
  • US lack of reliable source of credit to raise funds and weakness of infrastructure without the National Bank
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20
Q

What did Henry Clay propose?

A
  • The American System to unify the national economy
  • federally funded internal improvements
  • federal tariffs
  • Second Bank of the US
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21
Q

Why did Presidents Madison and Monroe both object policies for infrastructure?

A
  • because of regional interests
  • believed it will be an overreach of federal power
  • believed it would disadvantage
22
Q

What was proposed as a possible solution (ultimately rejected) to the situation around the addition of Missouri as a state. Who proposed it? What was the result?

A

Tallmadge Amendment:
- porposed by New York Congressmen James Tallmadge
- stated it would ban slavery in Missouri after 25 year

  • enraged the Southerners
  • South threatened to secede
23
Q

What was the final solution to the situation around the addition of Missouri as a state?

A

Missouri Compromise / Compromise of 1820:
- by Henry Clay
- Missouri would be admitted as a slave state
- BUT they would also make a new state in New England called Maine that would be a free state

  • established the 36 - 30 line at the boundary hereafter for slave and free states
24
Q

What was the Treaty of Ghent?

A
  • officially ended war between the US and Britain in 1814
  • left things unclear, especially Canada
25
Q

What was teh 49th Parallel? Who established it? What did it lead to?

A
  • established border between Canada and US
  • James Monroe, after taking office in 1817, decided to do something about the unclear situation around Canada
  • sent JOHN QUINCY ADAMS to settle territorial claiims

-Joint US-British occupation of the disputed territory of Oregon for next 10 years

26
Q

What concerns did the US have with the Florida Territory? What was the cause?

A
  • Seminole Indians, run away slaves and various white people were crossing the border into US territory
  • Spain was having trouble governing the Florida territory because they were too focused on controlling the South American territory
27
Q

What was the US response toward their concerns with Florida territory?

A
  • Monroe sent general Andrew Jackson in 1817 to stop the trespassing
  • he knew this would cause war, so he specifically told Jackson NOT to engage directly with the Spanish forces
  • Jackson ignored, attacked 2 Spanish forts, and executed 2 Seminole Chiefs and 2 British Citizens
28
Q

What was the result of the US response to the concerns around Florida Territory?

A
  • Britain and Spain enrage
  • BUT agreed to forget to avoid war
  • Spain sells Florida Territory to US, leads to Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819
29
Q

What was the Monroe Doctrine? What were motivating factors behind it?

A
  • 1823, stopped Europeans from interfering with the Western Hemisphere of North and South America
  • trade was a significant motivating factor
  • by 1820’s, Americans established thriving trade relations with Mexico
  • US Merchants carried goods across Pacific, establishing robust trade in Chinese porceleins and silk
  • led to interest in islands (future)
30
Q

What is the Market Revolution?

A

the linking of northern industries with western and southern farms, which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation

31
Q

What did the Market Revolution signify in America? What were its impacts?

A
  • it marked America’s transition from mainly an agrarian society into a firmly capitalist society
  • this revolution coordinated industry in the US, and combined it into a singular economic entity
32
Q

What were the three main advances the Market Revolution could be represented through?

A
  • Transportation
  • Industrial Technology
  • Agriculture
  • the different regions of America were growing increasingly interconnected economically and increasing economic ties internationally
33
Q

What was the changes in Transportation that occured during the Market Revolution?

A
  • Construction of the National Road (huge deal because states often rejected the idea of being responsible for a fedrel road that passed beyond their borders)
  • Canals: lined Western farms with Eastern manufacturing and created the occasion for flurry of canal building throughout the states (Erie Canal)
  • Steamboat: goods could be delivered downstream and returned upstream, increasing efficiency of trade
  • Railroad: by 1820’s - 1830’s, replaced canals as main tech. linking regions; local and state gov. helped expansion by granting special loans and tax breaks to railroad companies, granted land, etc.
34
Q

What was the changes in Industrial Technology during the Market Revolution?

A
  • Eli Whitney: created tech. of interchangeable parts that revolutionized the industrial sector
  • first applied to manufacturing guns
  • now unskilled laborers could be hired, made process more efficient

-1820’s Factory System: mass production

35
Q

What were the changes in Agriculture during the Market Revolution?

A
  • Eli Whitney: invented cotton gin that transformed southern agriculture
  • used to be subsistence farming, now it is commercial farming
  • focus on cash crops, like cotton, tobacco
36
Q

Why was cotton important to the South?

A
  • cotton import was in high demand from British textile factories
  • linked American farms to international industries`
37
Q

How did the Market Revolution impact migration in the US? What was their situation?

A
  • In the North, industrial cities exploded in both size and diversity
  • European immigrants, especially Irish and German
  • changed urban landscape by bringing culture
  • other immigransts sought to settle west
  • developed new communities along Ohio and MIssissippi Rivers
  • Irish came because of potato famine
  • Germans were displaced farmers or looking for democracy
  • mainly settled in Eastern seaboard
  • worked in industrial sector
  • cheap labor
38
Q

Who were the people who were hostile toward immigrants called? What did they do?

A
  • Nativists
  • flourished in 1830’s and 1840’s
  • stereotypical invective against Catholics and Jews

-portrayed Jews as wicked, dishonest moneylenders and Catholics as agents of the Pope sent to overturn American culture

39
Q

What class emerged in this period? Who was part of it? What was their interests? What distinguished them from other classes?

A
  • Middle Class
  • due to prosperity from industrial revolution

-included people like businessmen, shopkeepers, journalists, doctors, etc.

  • education, temperance, religious affliliation (especially protestant), was a big deal
  • main distinguisher of middle class from lower class was that middle class had money to spend o leisure, where they used if for plays, circuses, and sports
  • the assignment of gender roles took hold, both in public and private spheres
40
Q

**In what ways did democracy expand? Why?

A
  • participatory democracy expanded significantly
  • ## white male suffrage
41
Q

What was the Panic of 1918?

A
  • in the years leading up to this event, the second bank of the US had tightened their lending policies in order to control inflation
  • caused many state banks to close
  • irresponsible banking practices + decrease in demand for exported American goods = economic mess
  • unemployment, bankruptcies shot up, many people who couldn’t pay debts went to jail in large numbers
  • by 1825 most eastern states joined western states in lowering or eliminating property requirements for voting
    -growth and realignments in political parties
42
Q

What happened to the Federalist Party, and what two factions emerged?

A
  • Federalists dissolving, crumbling from their opposition to the War of 1812 that everyone else wanted

-Democratic Republican Party split into two factions: Democrats (Jacksonian’s) and National Republicans (Whigs)

43
Q

What were the views of the National Republicans and the Democrats?

A

National Republicans:
- limited federal power
- loose constructionism (constitution interpretation)
- national bank
- protective tariffs
- federal funded internal improvements

Democrats:
- limited federal powers
- strict constructionism (constitution interpretation)
- free trade
- local rule

44
Q

What happened in the election of 1824?

A
  • Democratic Republicans unable to pick one candidate, so they ended up with 4
  • John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, Andrew Jackson
  • Jackson and Adams strongest contenders
  • Jackson won popular, but no one won majority so according to constitution the president has to be chosen by HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
  • Clay threw support behind Adams, Adams won, Adams placed Clay as Secretary of State
  • Jacksonian’s called this “Corrupt Bargain”, even though they didn’t technically do anything wrong
  • FACTIONS HARDENED INTO POLITICAL PARTIES
45
Q

What was the idea behind Tariffs, and what were the controversies surrounding Protective Tariffs?
What was the Tariff of 1828?

A
  • if tariff is high, people are more likely to get domestic goods
  • PROTECTIVE TARIFF: if it is high, people are more likely to get domestic goods are more desirable and protected, since goods from out of US are expensive because of high tariffs
  • Jackson didn’t do much even when he became president and hated it
  • John C. Calhoun called it “Tariff of Abomination”
  • TARIFF OF 1828: passed in the last months of Adam’s administration
  • raised duties on imports by 35-45%
  • helped North, but hurt South who relied on imported goods
46
Q

What was Nullification? Who created it? What was Jacksons response?

A
  • argued that if a state judged a federal law to be unconstitutional, that state could nullify it
  • Jackson did NOT take it lightly
  • threatened to go down to the states that threatened secession and hang the Calhoun, his own vice president, who was leading this nullification crises
    -1833, Jackson persuaded congress to pass a Force Bill
  • FORCE BILL: gave Jackson authority to respond to South Carolina’s insolence with military action
  • tariff reduced as a result since Calhoun and South Carolina decided to back off from threat to secede from Union
47
Q

What were the controversies around the Second Bank of the US?

A
  • stabilized the economy
  • BUT led to closing of state banks due to their inability to pay national bank
  • 1832, Clay persuaded Congress to recharter national bank
  • BUT Jackson vetoed it, thinking it was unconstitutional
  • called it a “hydra of corruption”
  • many US citizens agreed and reelected him
48
Q

What were some internal improvements and changes in US?

A
  • Whigs: expenditure on infrastructure was necessary
  • BUT those with Jackson saw it as an overreach by federal government
49
Q

What were the controversies around the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

A
  • Cherokee nation in Georgia declared itself a sovereign nation, but Georgia didn’t see it that way
  • gold found on their lands
  • establishment of Indian Removal Act to relocate the Cherokee to west of Mississippi River
  • Cherokee challenged constitutionality of their removal at Supreme Court (WORCESTER V GEORGIA)
  • Supreme Court took the side of Cherokee
  • BUT without sanction from tribe, some Cherokee established TREATY OF NEW ECHOTA with US officials that officially exchanged Cherokee lands in east for reservation territory in west
  • 1838, forcible removal of Cherokee and other tribes began
50
Q
A

APUSH (8 decks)

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