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Art History 1 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Adobe

A

A building material made out of mud and other organic material, such as grass and straw.

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2
Q

Allah

A

In Islam, God, the Supreme Being.

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3
Q

Amida Buddha

A

Principal Buddha in the Pure Land sect, practiced primarily in East Asia and known for longevity and possessing unlimited merits from good works over many past lives.

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4
Q

Aniconic

A

Not allowing images or idols.

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5
Q

Apotheosis

A

The elevation of a person to the status of a god, often seen in ancient Rome in portraits of emperors and busts of deceased family members.

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6
Q

Arabesque

A

A spiraling or serpentine line or motif.

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7
Q

Ashoka

A

An important Buddhist king of 3rd-century BCE India, known for his edicts, posted at the top of monumental pillars.

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8
Q

Ashokan Pillars

A

Pillars inscribed with the edicts by Mauryan King Ashoka.

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9
Q

Axial Plan

A

The horizontal arrangement of the elements of a building or town along a central axis.

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10
Q

Axis Mundi

A

In religion or mythology, the center or connection between heaven and earth

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11
Q

Bhakti

A

Loving devotion to a deity that can be performed by any individual.

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12
Q

Bodhisattva

A

Someone who is capable of achieving enlightenment, but who is motivated by great compassion to assist others in their spiritual development.

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13
Q

Buddhism

A

A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha, which emphasizes that all suffering in life comes from desire and that the way to achieve nirvana, or enlightenment, and release from the cycle of life is to eliminate one’s earthly desires.

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14
Q

Chaitya Hall

A

A prayer hall in a Buddhist or Jain shrine.

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15
Q

Circumambulation

A

The act of circling around a sacred or deity object.

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16
Q

Clovis

A

A culture that lived approximately 12,000 years ago in the Americas, marked by its use of a special type of spear tip, referred to as a Clovis point.

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17
Q

Confucianism

A

A belief system based on the teachings of Confucius that emphasizes love and respect for human beings, the value of learning, and the value of family, including ancestors.

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18
Q

Corbel Vaults

A

The simplest type of vault, involving step support systems.

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19
Q

Dharma

A

A moral order that keeps the universe from falling into chaos

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20
Q

Edicts

A

Orders commanded by an authority or supreme ruler.

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21
Q

Enlightenment

A

Also known as nirvana, the highest state of spiritual being in Buddhism, characterized primarily by a complete lack of worldly desire.

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22
Q

Feng Shui

A

A Chinese practice in which elements of space are arranged in a way that maximizes the flow of energy.

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23
Q

Gandhara Style

A

Stucco or stone sculptures, a style of Buddhist art that showed Greek and Indian influences.

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24
Q

Garbhagriha

A

The innermost sanctum of the Hindu temple that houses deities, idols, or icons.

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25
Geoglyphs
Arrangements of elements of landscape—rocks, earth, gravel—to create artwork.
26
Great House
In Ancestral Pueblo Culture, a large structure with multiple levels that may have been used as housing for multiple families, or as a religious space.
27
Harmika
A small platform with a railing, located at the top of a stupa.
28
Heian Period
“Heian” means “peace and tranquility”
29
Hieroglyphs
A form of writing that uses pictures and symbols to represent syllables and entire words or concepts.
30
Hinduism
A system of religious practice in India that emphasizes the idea of dharma, or duty, and corresponding daily rituals and practices.
31
Hiragana Script
Japanese writing system of characters.
32
Horseshoe Arch
Also called a keyhole arch
33
Hypostyle Prayer Hall
In a mosque, a personal space separated by columns for privacy.
34
Ibn Zamrak
Famous poet and statesman for Granada, Al-Andalus
35
Iron Age
A prehistoric period when people in Europe, Africa, and Asia began making tools and weapons out of iron, usually between 1200 to 600 BCE.
36
Islam
The religious faith of Muslims, with the basic principle of absolute submission to Allah.
37
Jainism
A religion founded in ancient India that teaches the immortality and transmigration of the soul and denies the existence of a perfect or supreme being.
38
Ji (Spirit)
Life energy or life force.
39
Khmer-Style Architecture
The type of monumental architecture that was dominant in Cambodia during the Khmer Empire (9th to 15th centuries CE). It features a tall central element, meant to reference Mount Meru, surrounded by smaller, concentric walls and structures.
40
Kiva
A subterranean room, usually with rounded walls, that had a ceremonial function in Ancient Pueblo Culture.
41
Kondo
The main hall in a Japanese Buddhist temple.
42
Kufic Script
Oldest form of calligraphy
43
Li (Idea)
The underlying reason and order of nature, as seen in its living forms.
44
Lost Wax Technique
A technique for casting sculptures in bronze in which a model is first made in wax, which melts away and is “lost” when the mold is fired.
45
Lusterware
Middle Eastern in origin, a type of pottery decorated with glassy, metallic lusters.
46
Mahavira
The 24th Tirthankara, or supreme teacher, of Jainism.
47
Maithuna
Sexual union for the purpose of creating divine energy.
48
Mandala
A concentric diagram with spiritual and ritual importance in Buddhism and Hinduism.
49
Mandapa
In Indian architecture, a pillared outdoor hall for public ceremonies.
50
Maritime Silk Road
The seafaring trade routes that existed along the lands touching the Indian Ocean, as far west as Somalia and as far east as Indonesia.
51
Mauryan Kingdom
One of the largest ancient Indian empires during the 4th to 2nd century BCE.
52
Mesoamerica
A region that extends from central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
53
Mihrab
In a mosque, a niche or decorative panel showing the direction of Mecca.
54
Minaret
A tower attached to a mosque and used for calling people to prayer.
55
Minbar
In Islam, the pulpit from which the sermon is delivered.
56
Moche
An early civilization characterized by iconography and monumental architecture.
57
Mosque
A Muslim temple or place of worship.
58
Mudra
Hand position, usually associated with Buddhist sculpture.
59
Muhammad
In Islam, the prophet and messenger of Allah.
60
Muqarnas
Islamic or Persian architecture
61
Nasca
A pre-Incan culture located in southwest Peru
62
Neo-Confucianism
A moral and ethical Chinese philosophy that revived Confucianism but added influences from Daoism and Buddhism and emphasized the importance of nature and a sense of spiritual connection with nature.
63
Olmec
The first civilization in Mexico.
64
Pagoda
A Chinese tower with multiple tiers and a bracketed wooden roof
65
Personal God
A god that people can relate to as a person, rather than as an energy force or other abstract concept.
66
Portraiture
An artistic likeness of an individual.
67
Pre-Columbian
An adjective referring to cultures that existed before the arrival of Columbus to the Americas in 1492.
68
Pure Land
The heavenly realm of a Buddha.
69
Qibla Wall
Also kiblah
70
Quetzalcoatl
Mesoamerican deity whose name means “feathered serpent.”
71
Relief Sculpture
A sculpture technique that uses a process of cutting into a flat surface, i.e., wood, stone, or other material, by chiseling or gouging.
72
Roof Comb
The construction that tops a pyramid in monumental Mesoamerican architecture
73
Samarkand Ware
An Islamic ceramic style characterized by dark letters on a white or light-colored background.
74
Sarcophagus
A stone coffin, often decorated with sculpture.
75
Sarnath
An important pilgrimage site where the first Buddhist Sangha came into existence through the enlightenment of Kondanna.
76
Shakti
Female divine energy, often personified as a goddess.
77
Shifting Perspective
A characteristic of traditional Chinese paintings as a way to break time and space.
78
Shikhara
The roof of a Hindu temple.
79
Silk Road
A modern term that refers to the trade routes that linked Asia with the Mediterranean.
80
Stele
A slab of stone or terracotta, usually oblong, carved.
81
Stupa
A sacred spot, holding relics of the Buddha or a saint, designated by a mound of earth or other materials.
82
Talud-Tablero
A style of architecture characterized by a platform structure on top of a sloping surface, also referenced as the slope-and-panel style
83
Teotihuacán
An expansive archaeological site in the Basin of Mexico containing the largest pyramids built during the pre-Columbian period of the Americas.
84
Terracotta
A type of clay that is brownish red in color and often used in pottery or sculpture. It can be either glazed or unglazed.
85
Torana (Gate)
In Hindu and Buddhist architecture, a type of gateway.
86
Trefoil
A decorative shape with three lobes.
87
Triad
In Buddhism, an artistic grouping of three characters, usually Buddha in the center flanked by two bodhisattvas, but there could be some variation.
88
Vedas
The oldest and most authoritative Hindu texts, written in Sanskrit.
89
Yakshi
A benevolent, protective, natural spirit, usually depicted as a voluptuous female in ancient Indian art.
90
Yasti
Symbolizes the universe
91
Zen
A school and teaching of Chinese Buddhism that emphasizes enlightenment and individual understanding of Buddhist teachings through formal studies and observances.

Art History 1 (4 decks)

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