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South Africa > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was PW Botha

A

Prime minister 1983
President 1984

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2
Q

What was the ‘total onslaught’ Botha warned SA of

A

Threat to white SA from MK and PAC and Communism

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3
Q

What was the solution to total onslaught

A

Repression and reform

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4
Q

What are some reforms that were introduced by Botha

A

1979- Trade unions legalised
1982- Mandela moved from Robben Island to Pollsmoor prison
1985- Mixed marriages permitted
1986- Pass law abolished

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5
Q

In 1983, as apart of the total strategy what constitutional reform did Botha reform

A

The tricameral parliament
White assembly
Coloured representatives
Indian delegates
NO BLACK POLITICIANS

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6
Q

How many White MP’s and voters where there

A

178 MP’s
4.7 million white voters

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7
Q

How many coloured MP’s and voters where there

A

85 MP’s
2.6 million coloured electorate

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8
Q

How many Indian MPs where there and how many voters

A

45 MPs
1.2 million Indian electorate

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9
Q

What was the result in the referendum which Botha held in the tricameral parliament

A

66.29% voted YES for the tricameral parliament
(Majority white voters hoping for a reduction of violence, those who were Indian or Coloured believed they could work from inside yhe system for change)

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10
Q

What party was formed in response to the constitutional reform?

A

The Conservative Party who campaigned for people not to vote in the referendum

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11
Q

What organisation was formed in opposition to the tricameral parliament

A

UDF, massive nationwide campaign to dissuade Coloured and Indian voters (1 million signature campaign)

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12
Q

What was the turnout for the election for coloured and Indian candidates

A

Extremely low

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13
Q

How were the those who participated in the the tricameral parliament referendum elections viewed

A

Sellouts
Collaborators
Puppets

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14
Q

What was one of the most important anti-apartheid organisations formed in 1983

A

The UDF

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15
Q

Why was the UDF initially formed

A

Fight the formation of the tricameral parliment

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16
Q

What philosophy did the UDF adopt

A

The freedom charter

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17
Q

Although there was a strong relationship between the ANC and UDF what were the not to do

A

The UDF did not use violence

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18
Q

What did the UDF demand

A

The release of Nelson Mandela

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19
Q

What were different strategies and methods the UDF adopted to protest against apartheid

A

Promoted rent boycott
School protests
Worker stay aways

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20
Q

What religious figure was involved in the UDF

A

Desmond Tutu

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21
Q

How did Oliver Tambo respond to Bothas orders

A

Told its supporters to make country ungovernable

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22
Q

When violence broke out in the townships in 1985 what order did Botha give

A

A major offensive against MK bases in neighbouring countries

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23
Q

What was an example of resistance in townships in the 1980s

A

School boycotts 1980

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24
Q

What were the mass protests in the Vaal triangle in September 1984 about

A

Increased electricity charges and increased rent

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25
What form of protests did they use in the Vaal triangle
Stayways School boycotts Marches Violence: set fire to houses, looted shops, killed 4 councillors( 30 DEAD BECAUSE OF PROTESTS
26
How did police respond to protests in the Vaal triangle
Police. Shot wounded and killed countless people
27
What triggered the six day war in the township of Alexandria
1986- there was violence in Alexandra that led to a youth activist being shot
28
What happened on the 25th anniversary of the Sharpeville massacre
March 21st 1985,21 people shot dead in a funeral procession that had been banned by state as police believed it was political
29
How did protesters act during the six day war
Petrol bombs used to destroy shops, shops set alight, cars were stolen
30
How much did the MK led attacks increase from 1984 to 1987
In 1984= 45 In 1987= 235
31
What was an example of MKs most noticeable attacks in the 1980s
The church street bombings- killed 19
32
Who were the targets of violence in townships
Africans who had taken jobs as administrators in the homelands or townships and African policeman were usually attacked and killed through the means of necklacing
33
What ethnic group did the IFP represent
The Zulu
34
Where did most of the fighting between the ANC and IFP take place
Pietermartizberg and Durban
35
In 1986 and 1989 how many deaths were there as a result of violence between the ANC and the IFP
3000 deaths
36
What did international investors and companies do
Withdrew because of instability
37
By 1986 what conclusion could be made about the state of South Africa
The country was almost ungovernable with 135 deaths as a result of violence a week
38
In order to have more military and police presence what did they need to do and what did money need to be spent on
More money spent on policing Needed to spend more money on repairing infrastructure and damaged buildings
39
40
How Botha respond to the situation in 1986
State security council became more powerful
41
What five things increased because of increased and extended power
Increased detentions= 1988 30,000 people detained Deaths= 600 black Africans
42
As a part of the total strategy beyond the borders of South Africa what were non-military strategies
Political assassinations Parcel bombs (Ruth First 1981 wife of Joe Slovo) Car bombs (Albie Sacks)
43
Who did the state of emergency give more power to
Army and police force with not warrant of arrest
44
What five things increased because of increased and extended power
Increased detentions= 1988 30,000 people detained Deaths= 600 black Africans
45
How were the SADF used to enforce the National Party governments racist policies
To act against banned movements Destabilise the majority governments in neighbouring countries To crush civil war in townships
46
How did Botha increase the strength and function of the military
2 years of compulsory military services for all white men Increased powers in government
47
What was the ECC
The End Conscription campaign, conscientious objectors and their supporters joined the ECC to oppose conscriptors
48
What happened to the ECC in 1988
Banned by Adrian volt
49
What was Valkplaas
The counterinsurgency unit (death squad) established on a farm under Eugene DeKoch
50
What was the Vlakplaas purpose and how did they achieve it
Turn former ANC guerilla fighters after they were captured and use them as informers
51
What else caused a severe financial crises as well as the Rand devaluing by 35% almost overnight
Banks stopped lending money to SA causing a severe crisis
52
In 1985 what was stepped up as the extent of violence of Bothas methods
Sanctions
53
In 1986 the USA and EC imposed new sanctions,because of this what did some white South African businessmen do
Secret visits to ANC leaders in Zambia
54
In the US what did congress pass
Reagans administration imposed limited export ban= Comprehenseice anti-apartheid act 1986
55
What did the CAAA do
Comprehensive anti-apartheid act- imposes import bans on iron, steel, coal, uranium, textile, and agricultural goods DID NOT include gold and diamonds
56
What did South Africa do to cope with the sanctions and was the cost of sanctions to South Africa
Developed extensive and costly measures to get round sanctions $345 million= 0.5% of GNP
57
What was more detrimental to the economy of South Africa over trade sanctions
The flow of capital into SA
58
What were some of the beginnings of negotiations with in the ANC
Move Mandela into his own flat in prison Talks held with prominent ANC members in exile 1987- afrikaners met with the anc
59
In 1985what did Botha offer Mandela and what did Mandela say
Offers to release Mandela if he renounces violence and te armed struggle Mandela refused saying the violence was Bothas own fault
60
Where was Mandela moved in 1988
Victor verster prison
61
In 1989 who succeeded Botha as president and what was the support for the NP like
FE De Klerk Worse it had ever been (48% in general election)
62
What were De Klerk political opinions at this time
Support the conservative reaction Achieve compromises with the ANC
63
What did De Klerk choose to do and what were his aims
Compromise with the ANC= faced with opposition of conservatives and possibly black majority rule
64
In February 1990 what did De Klerk announce
Wanted to preserve the position of Afrikaners in South Africa Apartheid could no longer be contained Proposed to go further than just abolishing petty apartheid
65
On the 11th of February 1990 what did De Klerk announce
Unbanning of ANC, PAC and the South African communist party The unconditional release of Nelson Mandela
66
Why did De Klerk make so many changes in the beginning of the 90’s
Wanted to control and dismantle apartheid so they could keep power Disinvestment impacting economy Berlin wall collapses communism seeming less of a threat
67
After his release on the 11th feb 1990 what did Nelson Mandela do
Visited overseas countries Attended the concert at Wembley stadium celebrating his release where he received an 8 minute standing ovation In 1991 became president of the ANc after Oliver Tambos death
68
What were the two conditions of the Groove Schuur minute
All remaining political prisoners would be released All exiles would be allowed to return
69
What were the two conditions of the Pretoria minute
The ANCs announcement to suspend all armed struggles NP government ended state of emergency in SA except Natal
70
When did Codesa 1 start and how many parties took part
December 1991 Convention for a democratic South Africa 19 except the PAC and IFP

South Africa (5 decks)

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