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Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Pan-African Congress launched?

A

6th April 1959

Launched in Soweto.

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2
Q

Who was the first president of the Pan-African Congress?

A

Robert Sobukwe

A key figure in the PAC.

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3
Q

What did the PAC object to regarding the ANC’s freedom charter?

A

They believed the nation’s wealth shouldn’t be shared with white people

This reflected their stance on racial issues.

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4
Q

What was the date of the PAC’s nationwide anti-pass campaign?

A

21st March 1960

This campaign was part of their broader resistance efforts.

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5
Q

What was the purpose of the PAC’s campaign on 21st March 1960?

A

To leave passes at home and gather at a police station for arrest

A non-violent protest strategy.

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6
Q

What did Robert Sobukwe emphasize about the PAC’s campaign?

A

It should be done in a spirit of absolute non-violence

Non-violence was a key principle for the PAC.

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7
Q

How many armed police were present at the Sharpeville police station during the protest?

A

300 armed police

The police response was significant in the context of the protest.

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8
Q

How many protesters were there during the Sharpeville incident?

A

5000 protesters

The large turnout highlighted the widespread discontent.

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9
Q

What was the outcome of the confrontation at Sharpeville?

A

69 dead and 180 wounded

A tragic result of the police opening fire on the crowd.

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10
Q

True or False: The ANC and PAC planned their anti-pass campaigns on the same day.

A

False

The ANC’s campaign was planned for 31st March 1960.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The PAC was a breakaway group that objected to the _______ as they believed only black people should fight for their rights.

A

congress alliance

This indicates their desire for black autonomy in the struggle.

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12
Q

What were the causes of the massacre

A

Pass laws, Police training, other grievances

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13
Q

What were the causes of the sharpeville massacre

A

Pass laws, Police training, other grievances

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14
Q

What was the international reaction

A

The UN Security Council condemned South Africa
Investors withdrew and share prices plummeted on gold and diamonds

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15
Q

Following the massacre what two leaders of the ANC and PAC were arrested

A

Alberta Luthuli (ANC)
Robert Subokwe (PAC)

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16
Q

What did political figures in South Africa do after the Luthuli and Subokwe were detained

A

Skipped the country and went into exile

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17
Q

Who left the country in 1960 and was tasked with mobilising international financial and diplomatic support ?

A

Oliver Tambo

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18
Q

What happened on the 24 March 1960

A

101 people led by Phillip kgosana marched to the police headquarters in Caledon Square

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19
Q

What was expected of the protesters

A

Offer themselves for arrest

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20
Q

What did the minister of justice do in repsonse on the 25th of March

A

Suspend pass laws

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21
Q

On the 30th March 1960 what did Kgosana propose

A

Agreed to dispose protesters if a meeting with JB Vorster was arranged however he was arrested on arrival, after he was present bail he exiled himself

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22
Q

What did the government declare on the 30th of April

A

State of emergency

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23
Q

What did the Unlawful Organisation Act entail

A

Banned the ANC and the PAC meaning the police and army could arrest and detain making opposition difficult

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24
Q

When was the MK formed

A

16th December 1961

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25
Why was the timing of the military wing difficult
On the same day in 1938 Afrikaners defeated the Zulu’s and the treason trial was being heard
26
What was Luthulis suggestion
His commitment to non-violence was deeply moral and proposed the military movement could be a seperate organisation
27
Who ran MK
Joe Slovo and Nelson Mandela
28
What was the military wing of the PAC called
POQO
29
What was POQO’s aim
To overthrow the South African government and replace it with an socialist African state
30
How may acts of Sabotage did POQO carry out in the first 18months
200
31
Why were POQO initially successful
The repressive power of the state No physical base in South Africa little training and support
32
What was the name of the military operation that the MK high command began to consider
Operation Mayibuye
33
What was the farm brought for underground operation and what day did the security Branch police raid the farm
Lilliesleaf 11th July 1963
34
What documents were found at lilliesleaf
Documents planning to overthrow the government
35
Under what law were the men kept in detention
Ninety day detention law
36
Who was put on trial and how long did it last for
-Nelson Mandela -Bob Hepple -Dennis Goldberg 9th October 1963 86days
37
Who was the prosecution and defence led by
Prosecution: Percy Yutar Defence: Bram Fischer (white afrikaner)
38
Who was the judge and what was the MK members accused of
Judge: Justice De Wet Treason: sabotage, recruiting fighters, links with communist groups, soliciting money from forgein states
39
What did Mandela say when put on the stand
He was a founder of MK, justified the charge of Sabotage and revised the 50 year commitment to non-violence
40
What was the verdict and sentence
-guilty -life imprisonment on Robben Island
41
What did Minister of Justice Vorster announce that had an impact on the prisoners
The decrease or sentence would not be applicable to political prisoners
42
What was the impact of there imprisonment on the ANC
They did not have a leader, beginning of the silent sixties, Slovo in Exile, communication was limited
43
What was ARM
African resistance movement (white people against apartheid)
44
What did John Harris do in protest of Rivonia
On July 24th he planted a bomb in the white section of Johannesburg railroad station killing a woman and recieved the death penalty for politically inspired acts of violence
45
What was the economy like in the 1960s
Grew by 5% a year Main exports in foreign investment 1963-1972 investment doubled
46
Who was investing in SA
Barclays Bank Coca Cola Volkswagen
47
What hampered Diversification
Low levels of production Bantu education policy
48
What happened to the number of black Africans employed especially in farming and agriculture
Employment increased significantly
49
What were municipalities given money to do?
An effort to put an end to slums by giving money to build cheap homes
50
To help with this projects what were black workers allowed to do?
We’re allowed to build these houses
51
What would not make black people happy
Not getting the same pay as a white
52
What other sectors were black people employed in
Government jobs in townships like native affairs officers, schools nurseries, hospitals
53
How much did the black persons income increase in the 1960s
23%
54
How much did an industrial workers pay rise
50%
55
Instead of becoming politicised what became more of a focus
Work, eating, drinking and social activities
56
What were some hardships black poeple still faces
Oppression- Bantu education Equality- seperate amenities act Poor infrastructure in townships
57
How many immigrants entered SA during this time
250,000
58
why did the NP encourage immigration
Brought skills, capital and numbers
59
What were all immigrant classified as
Classified as white and first class citizens
60
How much did the white income increase
50%, 12x black income
61
What was car ownership like for white South Africans
4th in the world
62
What was car ownership like for black people
1 car per 100 people
63
Who assasinated verwoed
Dimitri Tsafendas
64
What year was Verwoed assinated
1966
65
What was Tsafendas sentence
Declared insane/ life imprisonment
66
Who succeeded verwoed
John Vorster
67
What position did Vorster hold before he became prime minister
Minister of Justice
68
What did Vorster call the big cancer in SA
Whites who stood for black rights
69
What three repressive laws did Vorster implement
90day detention law changed to 180day Terrorism act (1967)- suspects detained indefinitely without trial Bantu homelands Citizenship Act(1970)- black SA not allowed citizenship
70
In 1969 what was opened and named after him, what happened there
John Vorster square: solitary confinement, torture, rape, shock, assault, 8 lives lost
71
In response to MKs formation what did Vorster do
BUREAU OF STATE SECURITY- surveillance, covert operation, co-operation
72
What is the commonwealth
Organisation of 52 member countries that were apart of the British empire
73
What did Verwoed do to bring about a republic
Voting age decreased to 18 Announced a referendum
74
Why did people support the idea of the republic
People gave the NP support after the Sharpeville Massacre British Prime ministers MacMillan-WINDS OF CHANGE SA expelled from Olympics
75
When was the referendum and what was the result
5th October 1960 52% in favour
76
What proportion of the electorate was white
90.5%
77
What did Verwoed go to discuss in the Imperial conference and what did others say about SA apartheid policies
Becoming a republic SA should be expelled to commonwealth
78
What did Verowoed do at the conference and when did it come into force
On the 15th he announce he was leaving the commonwealth 31st May became a republic
79
How did the ANC and PAC react to the republic and what did they do
Rejected the republic and called for multi-racial talks
80
How did Britain and the UN react to SA leaving the commonwealth
BRITAIN: important to maintain relationship with SA that would sway towards eastern communism UN: called for sanctions against SA
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South Africa (4 decks)

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