Unit 4

Question 1

Sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from the environment

Answer 1

Sensation

Question 2

Organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Answer 2

Perception

Question 3

Starts with basic sensory information; transduction

Answer 3

Bottom-up processing

Question 4

Constructing perceptions based on our experiences and expectations

Answer 4

Top-down processing

Question 5

Discuss how our perceptions are directed and limited by selective attention

Answer 5

Depends on if we get distracted by something or how more important one thing is from another

Question 6

Study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli, and our psychological experience on them

Answer 6

Psychophysics

Question 7

Failing to notice changes in the environment

Answer 7

Change blindness

Question 8

Failing to see something when we are distracted

Answer 8

Inattentional blindness

Question 9

Focusing conscious awareness on a stimulus

Answer 9

Selective attention

Question 10

Can we sense and be affected by subliminal stimuli?

Answer 10

Yes, the image might be flashed and that could change our response

Question 11

Could we be affected by unchanging stimuli?

Answer 11

No

Question 12

Minimum stimulation needed to produce any sensation 50% of the time

Answer 12

Absolute threshold

Question 13

States that circumstances, experiences, expectations affect our thresholds

Answer 13

Signal detection theory

Question 14

Below someone’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

Answer 14

Subliminal

Question 15

Unconscious activation of certain associations, thus predisposing their memory, response, or perception

Answer 15

Priming

Question 16

Minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

Answer 16

Difference threshold

Question 17

To be perceived as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant percentage

Answer 17

Weber’s law

Question 18

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Answer 18

Sensory adaptation

Question 19

Made a scale of magnitude of stimuli and intensity

Answer 19

Gustav Fechner

Question 20

Pulses of electromagnetic energy; depends on wavelength, hue, and intensity

Answer 20

Visible light

Question 21

Conversion of one form of energy to another

Answer 21

Transduction

Question 22

Sharpness of vision affected by the eye’s shape

Answer 22

Acuity

Question 23

What is an example of transduction?

Answer 23

Sensory stimulus energy converts to neural impulses our brains interpret

Question 24

Distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next

Answer 24

Wavelength

Question 25

Dimension of color that's determined by the wavelength of light

Answer 25

Hue

Question 26

Amount of energy we perceive as brightness or loudness

Answer 26

Intensity

Question 27

What is the pathway that occur as information travels from the retina to the brain's cortex?

Answer 27

Rods and cones, bipolar, ganglion cells, optic nerve, thalamus

Question 28

Opening where light enters

Answer 28

Pupil

Question 29

Changes shape to control size of pupil opening

Answer 29

Iris

Question 30

Changes shape to focus image onto retina

Answer 30

Lens

Question 31

Contains rods and cones to begin processing visual information

Answer 31

Retina

Question 32

Lens changes shape to focus near or far objects to the retina

Answer 32

Accomidation

Question 33

Detects black, white, gray colors

Answer 33

Rods

Question 34

Where are rods located?

Answer 34

Peripheral

Question 35

Where are cones located?

Answer 35

Fovea

Question 36

Detects colors and fine details

Answer 36

Cones

Question 37

Carries impulses from eyes to brain

Answer 37

Optic nerve

Question 38

Point where optic nerves leave the eye

Answer 38

Blind spot

Question 39

Central point in retina which cones cluster

Answer 39

Fovea

Question 40

What is the role of parallel processing in visual information processing?

Answer 40

The brain compares its stored info to the image you see and it enables you to recognize the image.

Question 41

Neurons in the visual cortex respond to a scene's special features

Answer 41

Feature detectors

Question 42

Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

Answer 42

Parallel processing

Question 43

Demonstrated that neurons in the occipital lobe's visual cortex receive information from individual ganglion cells in the retina

Answer 43

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

Question 44

Retina contains 3 different color receptors and when combined it creates many other colors

Answer 44

Three-color theory/ Young Helmholtz Theory

Question 45

Opposing retinal processes enable color vision

Answer 45

Opponent process theory

Question 46

What are the opposing retinal processes?

Answer 46

Blue-yellow, black-white, red-green

Question 47

Sense or act of hearing

Answer 47

Audition

Question 48

Number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in given time

Answer 48

Frequency

Question 49

Tones experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

Answer 49

Pitch

Question 50

Chamber between the eardrum and cochlea

Answer 50

Middle ear

Question 51

Fluid filled tube that sound waves trigger nerve impulses

Answer 51

Cochlea

Question 52

Contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

Answer 52

Inner ear

Question 53

Links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated

Answer 53

Place theory

Question 54

Place theory is associated with ______ pitch

Answer 54

High

Question 55

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.

Answer 55

Frequency theory

Question 56

Frequency theory is associated with ______ pitch

Answer 56

Low

Question 57

Describe how we pinpoint sounds

Answer 57

2 ears help us to have 3D hearing. If something is coming from the right side, the right ear will hear a more intense sound than the left ear. Sound strikes the ear simultaneously

Question 58

Damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to cochlea

Answer 58

Conduction hearing loss

Question 59

Damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or auditory nerves

Answer 59

Sensorineural hearing loss

Question 60

How do cochlear implants function?

Answer 60

Translate sounds into electrical signals that convey some information to the brain

Question 61

Converts sounds to electrical signals and helps to stimulate the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded in the cochlea

Answer 61

Cochlear implants

Question 62

Why is the sense of touch important?

Answer 62

Can help babies to develop and grow; without sense of touch people/animals may feel more miserable

Question 63

Senses position and movements of individual body parts

Answer 63

Kinesthesis

Question 64

Sense of body position and movement including balance

Answer 64

Vestibular sense

Question 65

What is the purpose of pain?

Answer 65

To sense that something is wrong and to change that behavior

Question 66

Spinal cord has a neurological gate that can block or pass pain signals

Answer 66

Gate control theory

Question 67

One sense influences the other

Answer 67

Sensory interaction

Question 68

Describe Gestalt's psychology's contribution to our understanding of perception

Answer 68

How we integrate pieces of information to make it a whole

Question 69

What are some principles of perceptual grouping in form perception?

Answer 69

Proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, closure

Question 70

An organized whole; integrating information to meaningful wholes

Answer 70

Gestalt

Question 71

Organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surrounding

Answer 71

Figure-ground

Question 72

Tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

Answer 72

Grouping

Question 73

Ability to see objects in three dimension although the image that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

Answer 73

Depth perception

Question 74

Allows us to test depth perception in babies and young animals

Answer 74

Visual cliff

Question 75

visual messages/cues that require two eyes (retinal disparity, convergence)

Answer 75

Binocular cues

Question 76

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.

Answer 76

Monocular cues

Question 77

binocular distance cue; different images in our two eyes receive of the same object

Answer 77

Retinal disparity

Question 78

Muscles controlling the eye movement as the eyes turned inward to view a nearby stimulus; 2 eyes move inward for near objects

Answer 78

Convergence

Question 79

Helps us to determine how close objects are to an object of known size

Answer 79

Relative size

Question 80

If one object partially blocks the view of another, we perceive it as closer

Answer 80

Interposition

Question 81

Light passes through farther objects making them look hazy and far away

Answer 81

Relative clarity

Question 82

As surfaces get farther away, the textures look finer

Answer 82

Texture gradient

Question 83

Perceive objects high in our visual field as being far away

Answer 83

Relative height

Question 84

While we move, objects that stay still may look as if it is moving

Answer 84

Relative motion

Question 85

Parallel lines appear to converge with distance

Answer 85

Linear perspective

Question 86

Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes

Answer 86

Light and shadow

Question 87

What is the basic assumption we make in our perceptions of motion

Answer 87

Shrinking objects are retreating while growing objects are approaching

Question 88

Illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off quickly

Answer 88

Phi phenomenon

Question 89

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wave-lengths reflected by the object

Answer 89

Color constancy

Question 90

Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change

Answer 90

Perceptual Constancy

Question 91

Describe the contributions of restored vision, sensory deprivation, and perceptual adaptation to our understanding of nature-nurture

Answer 91

There is a critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development; experience guides and sustains brain development of perception

Question 92

Ability to adjust artificially to displaced/ inverted visual field

Answer 92

Perceptual adaptation

Question 93

Explain why the same stimulus can evoke different perceptions in different contexts and different psychological states

Answer 93

Once we have formed a wrong idea about reality, we have a hard time seeing the truth

Question 94

Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other

Answer 94

Perceptual set

Question 95

What are the 3 most testable forms of ESP?

Answer 95

Telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition

Question 96

One person sending thoughts to another or perceiving another's thoughts

Answer 96

Telepathy

Question 97

Perceiving future events

Answer 97

Precognition

Question 98

Sensing something is happening

Answer 98

Clairvoyance

Question 99

What is related to kinesthesis?

Answer 99

Muscles and joints

Question 100

What is related to vestibular sense?

Answer 100

Semi-circular canals

Question 101

What are the 4 touch senses?

Answer 101

Warm, cool, pressure, pain

Question 102

Why do most research psychologists remain skeptical of ESP

Answer 102

Not enough evidence in a research setting

Question 103

What are the binocular cues?

Answer 103

Convergence, retinal disparity

Question 104

What are the monocular cues?

Answer 104

Relative size, relative clarity, interposition, texture gradient, relative motion, linear perspective, light and shadow

Question 105

What's the pathway of hearing progressions?

Answer 105

Auditory canal, eardrum, middle ear, cochlea