Unit 4 - 7 Quiz Flashcards
1
Q
Prokaryotes are either grouped into _________
A
Domain Archaea and Domain Eubacteria
2
Q
What are the similarities between Archaea and Eubacteria
A
- Prokaryotic
- Unicellular
3
Q
What are some properties in Archaea
A
- Cell walls not made up of peptidoglycan
- Live in extreme environments
4
Q
What are some properties in Eubacteria
A
- Cell walls made of peptidoglycan
- Identified using gram staining
5
Q
What are some characteristics of Prokaryotes
A
- unicellular (single celled)
- no membrane bound organelles
- small (less than 2um (micro meter))
- only 1 circular chromosome
5
Q
What are some characteristics of Prokaryotes
A
- unicellular (single celled)
- no membrane bound organelles
- small (less than 2um (micro meter))
- only 1 circular chromosome
6
Q
What is Eubacteria
A
represents most bacteria, it is found almost everywhere (including in and on you)
7
Q
Naming bacteria is based off of what
A
shape
8
Q
Prokaryotic lack _______
A
a nucleus and complex organelles
9
Q
What is the Eubacteria cell wall and cell membrane made up of
A
peptidoglycan, which is made up of protein and carbohydrates. This is different then the cell walls in Archaea and Eukaryotes
10
Q
What are the shapes in bacteria
A
- Cocci
- Bacilli
- Spiral shaped (any other shape)
11
Q
What are the prefixes for naming bacteria
A
- Mono: singular
- Strepto: chain of bacteria
- Diplo: pair/two
- Staphylo: grape like clusters (groups)
12
Q
How are bacteria names formatted
A
Prefix, shape
13
Q
A bacteria is Gram negative when is _____
A
does not absorb the Gram Stain
14
Q
When a bacteria absorbs Gram stain it is ___________
A
Gram positive
15
Q
Why is knowing if a bacteria is gram - or gram + important
A
To help identify it and to treat it
16
Q
What are Flagellum (plural Flagella)
A
tail-like structure that whips around to move the bacterium
17
Q
What are Pili
A
small hair-like projections surrounding the cell that helps it to move/swim
18
Q
Archaea RNA structure and synthesis is different to bacteria, it is closer to __________
A
Eukaryotic organisms
19
Q
What environments a Archaea found in
A
The most extreme
20
Q
Define Aerobic
A
Uses oxygen for cellular resperation
21
Q
Define Anaerobic
A
Live in oxygen free environments
22
Q
Define Obligate Aerobes
A
Cannot survive without oxygen
23
Q
Define Obligate Anaerobes
A
Cannot survive in presence of oxygen
24
Define Facultative Anaerobes
Will use oxygen if present, but not needed
25
Define Autotrophs
Organisms that makes their own food
26
Define Heterotrophs
Organisms that get energy from eating other organisms/from environment
27
Define Chemotrophs
Organisms that obtain energy from chemicals
28
Define Methanogens
Organisms that produce methane as bi-product
29
Define Halophiles
Organisms that thrive in high salt environments
30
Define Extreme Thermophiles
Organisms that grow best in high temperatures (80 degrees Celsius+)
31
Define Psychrophiles
Organisms that thrive in cold temperatures (-20 to +10)
32
How many types of bacterial reproduction are there
3 types
33
Explain asexual reproduction in bacteria
It happens through binary fission (they split in half). This is the main form of reproduction.
1. Nuclear material doubles
2. Cell divides in half
3. 2 daughter cells separate
34
Explain sexual reproduction in bacteria
They reproduce through conjugation. Two bacteria form a connecting tubule between them and share DNA
35
Explain spore formation
a type of dormant cell. Highly resistant structure that forms around the chromosome when cell is under some sort if environmental stress such as: high temperatures, strong acids, disinfectants, and irradiation
36
There is good bacteria and bad bacteria, true or false
true
37
What are some examples of bacterial diseases
Tuberculosis, Bubonic plague
38
What do most harmful bacteria do
interfere cell function
39
Harmful bacteria can enter us through food, what are some examples of food poisoning
1. Staphylococcus, when warm is multiples
2. Salmonella, found in raw eggs
3. Botulism, deadly and found in not properly canned food. If your cans swell, don't eat
40
Define Parasite
Any organism that enters an organism, lives off the cells and causes harm to the host (can be from any kingdom)
41
Define Pathogen
anything that can cause disease
42
What are antibiotics
chemicals produced synthetically or by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of or destroy certain other organisms
43
When did the use of antibiotics starts
in the 1940s
44
How many natural antibiotics have we found
over 2500
45
What are two ways to reduce the rise of resistant bacteria
1. don't use antibiotics unless absolutely necessary
2. Take all of the prescribed antibiotics
46
The usefulness of bacteria outweighs the damage they do as a whole, true of false
true
47
What are some things Helpful bacteria can do
- recycle dead materials into nutrients
- clean up hazardous waste
- help plants acquire nitrogen
- are important to human health
- used to produce food and clothing products
48
What are some products bacteria help in making
- Yogurt
- Cheese
- Beer
49
What are Saprophytes
bacteria that release digestive enzymes into organic material and break down into other molecules that the bacteria and and other organisms can absorb. They are a vital part of the food chain
50
How does bacteria help plants
Nitrogen takes up 78% of the atmosphere, plants can't absorb this, so they need nitrogen from the ground which is produced by bacteria
51
What is Bioremediation
the process of using bacteria to treat polluted environmental sites. Example: oil spills, Bacteria only eats the chemicals, and when there is no more oil, they die off. This is cheaper as well
52
Bacteria as Probiotics
help in preventing disease. Normally lactic acid bacteria, which is found in food. Can also be Bifidobacteria, which is found in the human gut
53
Are Viruses in a kingdom
No, they do not have cells
54
Are Viruses alive
no they are not, they act as parasites that need a living cell to replicate
55
How big is a virus
20-400 nm (nano meters). Over 5000 flu viruses can fit on the head of a pin
56
Describe the structure of a virus
- not a cellular structure
- inner core of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) which is coated in an outer layer of protein called the capsid
57
What are the properties of viruses
- cannot reproduce without host cell
- do not generate their own energy
58
What is viral specificity
when the viruses only attack specific cells. Some Bacteriophages only attack certain bacterial cells, some attack more broad host ranges (like rabies)
59
how many viral replications are there
two, Lytic Cycle, and Lysogenic Cycle
60
What are the 5 phases in the Lytic Cycle
1. Attachment
2. Entry of phage DNA and degrading cell
3. Synthesis of viral gnomes and proteins
4. Assembly of phage
5. Release
61
How long does it take for the lytic cycle to complete
25-45 minutes
62
Explain the Lysogenic Cycle
not all viruses cause rapid destruction of the host cell. The host cell copies its DNA and the viral DNA is copied, so through cell reproduction more virus cells are produced. From the Lysogenic Cycle, the virus can then go into the Lytic Cycle
63
Lytic Cycle v. Lysogenic Cycle:
What is the fate of host DNA after infection of the virus
Lytic Cycle: takes over the host DNA
Lysogenic Cycle: Becomes apart of the host DNA
64
Lytic Cycle v. Lysogenic Cycle:
What is the incubation time in the host cell
Lytic Cycle: releases new viruses after infection
Lysogenic Cycle: releases new viruses after many dormant generations
65
Lytic Cycle v. Lysogenic Cycle:
What is the onset of the viral disease symptoms
Lytic Cycle: immediate
Lysogenic Cycle: delayed
66
What do vaccines do
- prevent viral diseases
- they are a weakened form of the virus
- helps create antibodies, these antibodies make us immune to the virus
67
What is the structure of Bacteria
- single prokaryotic cells
- cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA, but no membrane bound organelles
68
What is the size of Bacteria
- 0.5 - 5 um (relatively big)
- can see with a light microscope
69
What is the shape of Bacteria
- Coccus (round)
- Bacillus (rod)
- Spirilli (spiral)
70
Reproduction in Bacteria
sexually and asexually
71
What roles do bacteria play in the environment
- most are helpful
- 5% are pathogenic (disease causing)
72
How can Bacteria cause disease
- direct destruction of cells, and releasing toxins
- inflammation due to host's immune response
73
How do Bacteria respond to antibiotics
- most bacteria respond to antibiotics
74
How do Bacteria react to vaccines
- some bacterial infections have vaccines, example: Tetanus
75
What is the structure of viruses
- not alive
- non-cellular, they are particles of protein and nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)
76
What is the size of viruses
- 20 -200 nm (very small)
- you need a electron microscope to see
77
What is the shape of viruses
Geometric
78
How to Viruses reproduce
- hijack other cells to carry out life processes
- lytic and lysogenic cycle
79
What roles do Viruses have in the environment
- all are parasitic
- almost all pathogenic
80
How do Viruses cause disease
- Disease caused by cells being killed or damaged
81
How do Viruses respond to antibiotics
They don't.
82
Can vaccines prevent viruses
- some viral infections have vaccines, examples: polio, influenza
