Unit 4

Question 1

What are the muscles of inspiration?

Answer 1

Diaphragm 
External intercostal
Sternocleidomatoid 
Serratus anterior 
Scalenus muscles

Question 2

Muscles of expiration are only needed when? And what are they?

Answer 2

Only needed for forceful expiration

Rectus abdominus, obliques, internal intercostals

Question 3

______ is due to muscle contraction which increases thoracic cage size

Answer 3

Inspiration

Question 4

How do lungs inflate?

Answer 4

The compliant lungs inflate due to the negative pressure in the pleural cavity

Question 5

_______ is due to decreasing thoracic cage size bc of the elasticity of the thoracic soft tissue and the lungs themselves

Answer 5

Expiration

Question 6

___________ pressure oscillates around sero relative to atmospheric pressure

Answer 6

Intrapulmonary pressure

Question 7

When negative, air ______ lungs. When positive, air _____ lungs

Answer 7

Enters; leaves

Question 8

The lowest intrapulmonary pressure is reached ______ into inspiration

Answer 8

Halfway

Question 9

After the lowest intrapulmonary pressure is reached halfway into inspiration, entering the lungs _______ the pressure

Answer 9

Raises

Question 10

The highest intrapulmonary pressure is reached __________

Answer 10

Halfway into expiration

Question 11

_________ is always negative compared to atmospheric pressure, oscillating around -4

Answer 11

Intrapleural pressure (pleural pressure)

Question 12

_________ exerts an expanding effect on the lungs due to lung compliance

Answer 12

Intrapleural pressure

Question 13

______ is the difference between intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure

Answer 13

Transpulmonary pressure

Question 14

Alveoli contain two type of pneumocytes:
Type 1: _________
Type 2: _______

Answer 14

Type 1 line the alveolar walls (squamous)

Type 2: secrete pulmonary surfactant

Question 15

________ is necessary to keep alveoli inflated

Answer 15

Surfactant

Question 16

Premature babies lack _______ and therefor develop respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 16

Surfactant

Question 17

_______ is a commonly used pulmoary function test

Answer 17

Spirometry

Question 18

______ is normal quiet breathing. Volume of air you breathe in and out

Answer 18

Tidal volume

Question 19

__________ i from top of tidal volume, breathing in until you cannot get anymore

Answer 19

Inspiratory reserve volume

Question 20

________ starts from a normal breath out then try to squeeze every last bit of air out

Answer 20

Expiratory reserve volume

Question 21

____________ the last bit of air that is in your lungs that is always present

Answer 21

Residual volume

Question 22

_________ are the same of more than one pulmonary volume

Answer 22

Capacities

Question 23

What is inspiratory capacity?

Answer 23

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Question 24

What is functional residual capacity

Answer 24

Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Question 25

How would one calculate vital capacity?

Answer 25

Inspiratory capacity + expiratory reserve volume OR | Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

Question 26

Minute respiratory volume = _______ X ______

Answer 26

Tidal volume X respiratory rate

Question 27

________ sonsits of air that fill the respiratory passageways tha are not capable of gas exchange with blood

Answer 27

Dead air space

Question 28

Anatomic dead are space is?

Answer 28

Air in trachea, terminal bronchioles

Question 29

Alveolar dead space is ______

Answer 29

Damaged or under perfumed alveoli

Question 30

What is the physiological air space

Answer 30

Sum of the anatomic dead air space and alveolar dead space

Question 31

What is the equation for the total volume of new air entering the alveoli each minute?

Answer 31

Va= Freq (Vt-Vd) ``` Va= alveolar ventilation rate Freq= respiration rate Vet= tidal volume Vd= physiologic dead air space ```

Question 32

Sympathetic discharge in the respiratory system causes ________

Answer 32

Bronchioles dilation

Question 33

Parasympathetic discharge causes ______ in the respiratory system

Answer 33

Bronchiolar constriction

Question 34

Describe the cough reflex

Answer 34

Irritation to bronchi and trachea -> afferent neurons (vagus) -> medulla -> efferent neurons to muscles of epiglottis and abdomen

Question 35

Describe the sneeze reflex

Answer 35

Irritation to nasal passageway-> afferent neurons (trigeminal) -> medulla-> efferent neurons to muscles of the uvula and abdomen

Question 36

What afferent neuron is involved in the cough reflex?

Answer 36

Vagus nerve

Question 37

What afferent neuron is involved in the sneeze reflex?

Answer 37

Trigeminal

Question 38

The nose functions to modify the air before it reaches the lungs. Air is _____, ______ and _______

Answer 38

Warmed humidified Partially filtered

Question 39

Speech invovles what 3 things?

Answer 39

Respiratory system Cerebral cortex Phonation, resonance, and articulation structures

Question 40

What are the 3 mechanical functions of focalization?

Answer 40

Phonation Resonance Articulation

Question 41

______- larynx; vocal cords ______- mouth, nose, sinuses, pharynx, chest cavity _______- lips, tongue soft palate

Answer 41

Phonation Resonance Articulation

Question 42

________ muscles are responsible for controlling sound production

Answer 42

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles