Unit 4 Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of the cerebellum? (5)
A
Timing of motor activities
Smooth progression from one rapid muscle movement to another
Controls intensity of contraction with changing loads
Controls coordination between agonist and antagonist muscle groups
Assists in posture and equillibrium
2
Q
What are the functions of the basal ganglia?
A
Helps plan and control complex movement patterns
Control relative intensities of separate movements, direction of movement and sequencing of successive and parallel movements to achieve complex motor goals
3
Q
What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?
A
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Flocculonodular lobe
4
Q
What are the 3 cerebellar functions zones?
A
Vermis
Intermediate zone
Lateral zone
5
Q
_________ is a cerebral functional zone that is invovled with control of axial body, neck, and hips
A
Vermis
6
Q
The vermis in the the central cerebellar funcitonal zone and functions in control of ______, _______, _______ and ______
A
Axial body, neck, shoulders, hips
7
Q
__________ is part of the cerebellar functional zones located in the hemispheres and functions in coordinating distal limbs, especially hands and feet
A
Intermediate zone
8
Q
________ is a cerebellar functional zone involved in planning of sequential movements with the cerebral cortex
A
Lateral zone
9
Q
The cerebellar functional zone, intermediate zone coordinates _______, especially ____ and _____
A
Distal limbs; especially hands and feet
10
Q
Lateral zone of cerebellum is involved in ___________
A
Planning of sequential moments with the cerebral cortex
11
Q
Cerebellum is connected to rest of brain via the _______, _______ and __________
A
Superior middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
12
Q
What is the term for the white matter of the cerebellar anatomy?
A
Arbor vitae
13
Q
What are the 2 components of the gray matter of the cerebellum?
A
Folia of cerebellar cortex
Deep cerebellar nuclei
14
Q
True or false, the cerebellum does not directly initiate motor contraction
A
True
15
Q
Cerebellum receives what from the motor cortex of the brain?
A
Continuous updated information about the intended motor action
16
Q
Cerebellum receives continuous sensory information ( proprioception, etc) about ______ and _______ of the body
A
Position and movement of the body
17
Q
What does the cerebellum do with intended movements?
A
Compares actual movement with intended movement then sends corrective signals back into the motor systems
18
Q
Cerebellum aids cerebral cortex in __________, while the movement is in progress. Needed for _________
A
Planning sequence of movements
Needed or smooth progression from one to the next
19
Q
Describe the corticopontocerebellar pathway to the cerebellum
A
From motor, premotor, somatosensory cortex -> pontine nuclei -> lateral zone of cerebellum
20
Q
Describe the olivocerebellar pathway to the cerebellum
A
Motor cortex, basal ganglia, reticular formation, spinal cord -> inferior olive -> all parts of the cerebellum
21
Q
Describe the vestibulocerbellar tract to the cerebellum
A
Vestibular apparatus -> flocculonodular lobe or fastigial nucleus ( directly or vis vestibular nuclei)
22
Q
Describe the reticulocerebellar tract to the cerebellum
A
Reticular formation -> vermis
23
Q
Describe the dorsal spinocerebellar tract
A
Muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, tactile receptors, joint receptors -> ipsilateral vermis and intermediate zones
24
Q
Describe the ventral spinocerbellar tract ( efference copy)
A
Efference copy - motor signals that actual arrive at anterior neurons in the cord excite this tract
25
What are the 3 deep cerebellar nuclei?
Dentate nucleus
Interposed nucleus
Fastigial nucleus
26
All cerebellar nuclei receive input from two sources, _________ from outside the cerebellum and ______ relaying from the cerebellar cortex
Direct sensory afferents
| Indirect sensory sensory afferents
27
Direct sensory afferents from outside the cerebellum are _______
Indirect sensory afferents relaying from the cerebellar cortex are _______
Excitatory
| Inhibitory
28
Outputs from the cerebellum always originate from ______
One of the deep cerebellar nuclei ( dentate, interposed, fastigial)
29
_______ is a deep cerebellar nuclei that coordinates sequential motor activities initiated by the cortex
Dentate
30
What is the indirect input to the dentate nucleus?
Lateral zone of cerebellum
31
Describe the inputs and outputs of the denate nucleus
Lateral zone -> dentate nucleus-> thalamus -> cerebral cortex
32
_______ nucleus is a deep cerebellar nucleus that is involved in distal limb coordination between antagonist and agonist muscle movements
Interposed nucleus
33
what is the indirect input to the interposed nuclei and what is the output?
Input from intermediate zone -> interposed nucleus
| Output to all motor areas ( motor cortex, basal ganglia , red nucleus , thalamus, reticular formation
34
_________ is a deep cerebellar nucleus that functions in association with the vestibular system to maintain equilibrium and posture
Fastigial nucleus
35
What are the inputs and outputs of the fastigial nucleus?
Inputs : vermis
| Output: medulla and pons
36
What are the input fibers involved in the cerebellum?
Climbing fibers
| Mossy fibers
37
________ fibers all originate from the inferior olives of the medulla
Climbing fibers
38
Any fibers that enter the cerebellum that don’t originate from the inferior olive are the ______
Mossy fibers
39
What are 3 types of cells involved in cerebellar circuitry?
Deep nucleus cells
Granule cells
Purkinje cells
40
_____ cells are excited by direct afferents, inhibited by Purkinje cells (indirect)
Deep nucleus cells
41
What are the output cells from the cerebellum?
Deep cerebellar nuclei
42
Deep cerebellar nuclei are excited by ______
| Inhibited by ______
Direct afferents
| Indirect Purkinje cells
43
______ cells are stimulated by mossy fibers and synapse with Purkinje cells
Granule cells
44
Granule cells synapse with __________ and are stimulated by _______
Purkinje cells - synapse
| Stimulated by mossy fibers (excitatory)
45
______ cells are stimulated by granule cells and climbing fibers (from ______)
Granule cells
Climbing fibers from the olive
46
______ cells inhibit deep cerebellar nuclei
Purkinje cells
47
________ and ________ stimulate Purkinje cells
Granule cells and climbing fibers
48
Describe the function of the turn on signal of cerebellum output signal generation
To accentuate the voluntary initiation of movement
49
Describe the turn on signal of cerebellum output signal generation
Signals from the corticopontocerebellar tract (Mossy fibers) synapse directly with deep nuclear cells whose output sends signals to motor pathway to support corticospinal functions
50
In the “turn on” signal of the cerebellum:
Signals from the ________ tract (_____) synapse directly with _________ whose output seeds signals to motor pathway to support _______ function
Corticopontocerebellar tract
Mossy fibers
Deep nuclear cells
Corticospinal
51
Describe the function off the “turn off” signal of cerebellum output signal generation
Functions to time the relaxation of the muscle
52
In the “turn off” signal of cerebellum:
Mossy fibers synapse with ______ cells with many tiny axons into the ________, and then to ______ cells. ______ cells are inhibitory to the deep cerebellar nuclei which helps stop contraction
Granule cells
Cerebellar cortex
Purkinje cells
Purkinje cells
53
______ fibers are invovled with cerebellar learning
Climbing fibers
54
When there is poor match between the intended movement with the actual movement, the ________ fibers become
Climbing fibers
55
________ modify the timing of the turn on/ turn off mechanism
Climbing fibers
56
The cerebellum learns how to time the motor skill better via _______ from ______
Climbing fibers from the inferior olive
57
Describe intention tremor
Failure to prevent “overshoot” makes a person miss the intended target motion, so they have to initiated the opposite movement to compensate which may also overshoot.
Tremor is absent when motion is not initiated
58
T/F: in intention tremors, the tremor is absent when motion is not initiated
True
59
________ is the Inability to predict how far a a movement will go
dysmetria
60
________ is uncoordinated movement such as gait
Ataxia
61
_______ is the Inability to perform rapid alternating movements
dysdiadochokinesia
62
_____ is failure to prevent overshoot makes a person miss the intended target motion
Intention tremor
63
________ is failure of progression in talking
Dysarthria
64
_______ is lack of muscle tone due to loss of cerebellar facilitation of motor output signals
Hypotonia
65
_________ is tremor of the eyes with fast phase points to the side of the disease
Cerebellar nystagmus
66
Gait, rapid alternating movement, finger to nose test, rebound test, heel to shin test are all tests for _______
Cerebellar function
67
______ test is a cerebellar function test that is more for vestibular or proprioceptive dysfunction
Rhomberg test
68
What are 5 components of the basal ganglia?
```
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus
```
69
_______ and ______ form the lentiform nucleus
Putamen + GP
70
_______ and ______ make up the corpus striatum
Caudate and lentiform nucleus (Putamen + GP)
71
What are two neural circuits within the basal ganglia?
Putamen circuit
| Caudate circuit
72
________ is the principle pathway though the basal ganglia for executing learned patterns of behaviors
Putamen circuit
73
The Putamen circuit has inputs mainly from parts of the brain adjacent to _______ but not the _____ itself
Primary motor cortex
74
The outputs of the putamen circuit go to the _______, ______ and _____ cortices
Primary, premotor, and supplementary cortices
75
What is the circuit summary of the Putamen circuit?
Cortex -> Putamen -> GP -> either the SN and Subthalamus OR directly to the thalamus -> motor cortex
76
_______ is a dysfunction involving the putamen circuit where there is
Writhing movement of. Hand, arm, neck or face.
It is due to lesions of the _________
Athetosis
| Lesion of Globus pallidus
77
Athetosis is due to lesions of the _________. What is athetosis?
Lesion of GP
Writing movement of a hand, arm, neck or face
78
_______ is a dysfunction of the Putamen circuit where there is sudden flailing movements of the limb.
Due to lesions in the _______
Hemiballismus
Lesions in Subthalamus
79
Hemiballismus is due to lesions in _______. What is hemiballismus?
Lesions in the Subthalamus
Sudden flailing movements of a limb
80
_______ is a dysfunction involving the putamen circuit where there is flicking movements of the hands, face and other body parts.
Due to lesions in the _______
Chorea
Lesions in putamen
81
_________ is a dysfunction involving the putamen circuit where there is rigidity, akinesia, and resting tremors.
Due to lesions in the ________
Parkinsonism
Lesions in the substantia nigra
82
________ circuit of the basal ganglia is associated with cognitive control of motor activity
Caudate
83
What is the caudate circuit associated with?
Cognitive control of motor activity
84
What are examples of the cognitive control of motor activity associated with the caudate circuit?
Thinking process, integrating sensory input and memory
“Spatial working memory” + motor behavior
85
Spatial working memory + motor behavior is an activity associated with the ________
Caudate circuit
86
The caudate revives widespread _____ and _______ input
Motor and sensory
87
The output from the caudate goes mainly to the ______, ______ and _______ areas
Prefrontal, premotor and supplemental motor areas
88
Describe the caudate circuit pathway
Cortex-> caudate -> globus pallidus -> thalamus -> frontal cortex
89
The ______ helps in translation from small to large scale motions of a specific activity such as writing large or small
Basal ganglia
90
______ is important for quick decisions based on past memory.
Caudate nucleus
91
______ and _____ are important inhibitory neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia. What are inhibitory NT important for?
GABA and Dopamine
Stabilize motor control systems
92
_______ is an excitatory NT in the basal ganglia
Glutamate
93
______ is a diseases that effects the nerve cells in the brain and causes tremors, poor corindaiton and problems walking and moving
Parkinson’s disease
94
What are some symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
```
Rigidity and trembling of head
Forward tilt of trunk
Reduced arm swinging
Shuffling gait with short steps
Rigidity and trembling of extremities
```
95
What are 3 hall mark symptoms of Huntington’s disease?
Motor symptoms (chorea)
Psychiatric symptoms
Cognitive symptoms
96
________ ( _______, ____) is involved in maintaining tone of body for standing and maintaining equilibrium by responding to changes in equilibrium
Hindbrain (vestibular, reticular formation)
97
_______ sends motor signals to cord for direct control or activation of local spinal patterns
Corticospinal
98
When working with the brain stem, the cerebellum can respond to stretch by ________
Accentuating contractions
99
When working with the brainstem, the cerebellum helps control _______ especially during _______
Control posture especially during movement
100
When working with the cortex, the cerebellum helps to initiate and stop _________
Planned motor movements
101
Generally, the cerebellum improves performance when doing _______ movements
Rapid movements
102
_______ Movements can be performed fairly well with cerebellar damage
Slow movements
103
What are 3 types of neurons in the cerebral cortex?
Granular
Fusiform
Pyramidal
104
Describe granular (stellate) cells
(interneurons funciton within the cortex)
Short axons
Some are excitatory (glutamate) some are inhibitory (GABA)
105
_____ cells are concentrated in areas needing a lot of processing (sensory and association cortices)
Granular (stellate)
106
____ are cortical cells that are output fibers that go all the way to the spinal cord or to association fibers that pass to more distant brain areas and are large and numerous
Pyramidal
107
_____ are less numerous than pyramidal cells nand are also output neurons from the cortex
Fusiform
108
Most incoming sensory signals in the cortex terminate in layer ____
Most output leave the cortex from neurons in layers ___ and ___
Of the output neurons from Layer ___ goes to brainstem or cord and from Layer ____ goes to Thalamus
Layer IV - sensory
Output -layer V and layer VI
Layer V to brainstem and cord
Layer VI to thalamus
109
Intracortical association occurs in layers ___, __,__ of the cortex
I, II, III
110
Most of the areas of the brain have 2 way connections with the _______
Thalamus
111
All sensory pathways pass through the thalamus except ______
Some olfactory pathways
112
Primary motor area are involved with ______
| Secondary motor areas ( ________ and _______)are involved with ____
Primary motor - direct control of muscles
| Secondary- supplementary and premotor areas; provide patterns of motor activity
113
Primary sensory detect _____
| Secondary sensory are involved with ______
Primary sensory- detect specific sensations
| Secondary- meaning of sensory signals
114
What is the function of association areas?
Receive and analyze signals from multiple regions of both motor and sensory cortices
115
What are 3 important association areas?
area
Prefrontal association area
Parietooccipital association
Limbic Association area
116
______ lies at the junction between somatosensory cortex, visual cortex and auditory cortex
Parietooccipital Association area
117
______ is involved in spatial coordination of the body and its surroundings
Upper parietooccipital cortex
118
____ is invovled in language comprehension, it’s a general area “gnostic area”. Especially developed in left side in most ppl
Wernickes area
119
____ is the site for initial processing for reading ; dyslexia connection
Angular gyrus
120
______ is an area for naming objects that are seeds
Anterior-Lateral occipital and Posterior temporal lobe
121
____ helps plan complex patterns and sequences of motor movements
Prefrontal Association area
122
Prefrontal Association area receives a lot of input from _____
Output is processed by ____ and ____ then back to motor cortex
Input- parietooccipital cortex
| Out put processed by basal ganglia and thalamus
123
What are major functions of the prefrontal Association area
Thought
Non motor types of thinking
Short term working memory
Elaboration of thought
124
Non motor types of thinking, short term working memory and elaboration of thought are major functions of the ____ area
Prefrontal Association area
125
_________ area plans motor pattern to control speech activity and requires the help of _________ area
Broca’s area
Wernickes area
126
What are the 3 locations in the brain where the limbic association area is?
Anterior end of temporal lobe
Ventral frontal lobe
Cingulate gyrus
127
What are the 3 functions of the limbic Association area?
Behavior, emotions and motivation, desire for learning
128
_______ is the inability to recognize faces
Prosopagnosia
129
________ is near the occipital cortex for vision and limbic system for emotion
Facial recognition
130
Loss of _______ areas cause auditory receptive aphasia (word deafness)
Loss of auditory association area
131
Loss of auditory association areas cause _______
Auditory receptive aphasia (word deafness)
132
Loss of visual association areas cause _______
Visual receptive aphasia (word blindness; dyslexia)
133
_________ is a problem with interpreting both written and spoken word; particularly in the dominant hemisphere
Wernickes aphasia
134
Global aphasia is when lesion exte3nds beyond wernickes area and includes the __________, _______ and _______
Angular gyrus
Inferior temporal areas
Superiorly involving more of the parietal lobe
135
________ is when the person is totally incapable of understanding any kind of communication
Global aphasia
136
_______ area is necessary to choose words so is important in ______ output
Wernickes area
| Motor
137
_________ is when one can decide what to say but lacks the coordination to control the vocal system to emit words
Broca’s aphasia
138
________ interconnects most of the left and right hemisphere except anterior parts
Corpus callosum
139
Corpus callosum interconnects most of the left and right hemisphere except ______ parts
Anterior
140
What is the result of cutting the corpus callosum?
Doesn’t allow intellectual function of Wernicke’s area to be aware of somatic/visual information from the other side and vice versa
141
The anterior commissure interconnects _______ and _______
Anterior temporal lobes and amygdala
142
What is the function of the anterior commissure?
Unifies the emotional responses of the two sides of brain
143
According to the holistic theory, what areas are involved in thought? (4)
Many areas of cortex
Thalamus
Limbic systems
Reticular formation
144
How is the lower brain involved in thought?
It determines the general nature of the thought. (Pleasure, unpleasantness, pain, comfort)
145
What aspects of thought are components of the upper brain?
More elaborate and specific (localization of sensations, field of vision, texture of objects, recognition of objects)
146
__________ is our continuing stream of awareness of either our surroundings or our sequential thoughts
Consciousness
147
Memory involves changes in ________. Once established, a thinking mind can reproduce the pathway called a _________
Neural pathways
Memory trace
148
_______ is incoming information that is important ( induces pain or pleasure) is likely to the “facilitated” so that it is stored
Positive memory
149
What is another name for positive memory?
Sensitization
150
________ memory is when incoming information of little consequence is “inhibited” and not stored
Negative memory (habituation)
151
What is another name for negative memory?
Habituation
152
______ memory- seconds to minutes
_____ memory - many minutes to weeks
______ memory - years to lifetime
Short term
Intermediate long term
Long term
153
_______ memory can be short term, intermediate long term or long term memory that is in conscious usage at the current moment
Working memory
154
_________ memory is memory of an experience ( where, why, when, how of an event)
Declarative memory
155
_________ memory is motor skill based on previous learning
Skill memory
156
What are two possible mechanisms of short term memory
Continual neural activity resulting from a reverberating circuit
Presynaptic facilitation or inhibition
157
Presynaptic inhibition and facilitation involved in _______ leads to _________ changes
Short term memory
Short term ion channel changes
158
What are 2 mechanisms of intermediate long term memory?
Presynaptic facilitation effects
Post synaptic facilitation
159
Describe presynaptic inhibition and facilitation involved in short term memory
Presynaptic inhibition - GABA release -> inactivation of Ca 2+ ion channels -> less calcium enters -> less NT released
Presynaptic facilitation -
Serotonin released from facilitating neuron activates the Ca2+ channels -> more Ca2+ and more NT release
End result is short term ion channel changes
160
Describe the mechanism of presynaptic facilitation associated with intermediate long term memory
Serotonin is released from facilitating neuron-> activation of cAMP -> opening of Ca+ channels
161
Long term memory involves _______ in synapses as well as _______
Structural changes
| Chemical changes
162
In long term memory, what are the 4 structural and chemical changes that occur in the synapse
Increase in vesicle release sites
Increase transmitter vesicles
Increase in number of presynaptic terminals structural changes in dendritic spines to be more sensitive
