Unit 4 Chapter 17 (The Endocrine System)

Question 1

-Distinguish between the nervous system and endocrine system with regard to their control mechanism and response time
-Define hormone
-Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands
-Name the endocrine glands.

Answer 1

-endocrine system releases hormones to control body activities and help maintain homeostasis and also has slower more sustained system responses than the nervous system
-a hormone is a molecule, functioning as a “chemical messenger” that is released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the
body
-Exocrine: secretions enter ducts that carry the secretions to body surfaces or into cavities. Endocrine: secrete hormones into interstitial fluid to diffuse into the blood where they circulate to target tissues and cells
-hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pineal body, ovaries, testes

Question 2

-Explain the concept of feedback in terms of negative and positive feedback
-Give examples and relate feedback to the endocrine system

Answer 2

-positive feedback is the output of a system amplifying the system. negative feedback is the output inhibiting the system
-positive feedback example in the endocrine system is the release and response of oxytocin during childbirth. negative feedback example in the endocrine system is the regulation of the blood calcium levels

Question 3

Describe hormone regulation by:
▪ Defining target cell
▪ Stating why hormones can contact virtually all the cells of your body yet only activate the appropriate target cells
▪ Stating the two broad chemical classes of hormones and giving examples of each; briefly explain how the two chemical classes of hormones affect their target cells
▪ Explain why steroid hormones can pass easily through the plasma membranes of their target cells
▪ Listing the other general ways target cells respond to hormones
▪ Explaining how lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones produce a response in target cells
▪ Stating factors that influence the responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone
▪ Explaining how hormone release is regulated

Answer 3

-a target cell is a cell that is receptive to a secreted hormone
-a target cell responds to a hormone because it bears receptors for the hormone
-lipid-soluble hormones; Steroid hormones. water-soluble hormones; Dopamine
-they are lipid derived hormones, which means that they are capable of passing through every cell of our body and do not have to bind to plasma membrane receptors
-Synthesis of molecules
Alteration of cell membrane permeability
Simulation of membrane transport
Alteration of metabolic rate
Contraction of smooth or cardiac muscle
-Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane to enter the target cell and bind to a receptor protein. Water-soluble hormones bind to a receptor protein on the plasma membrane of the cell.
-Hormone’s concentration
Abundance of target cell receptors
Influences exerted by other hormones (permissive, synergistic, antagonistic)
-Neural control (Signals from the nervous system)
Humoral control (Chemical changes in the blood)
Hormonal control (Other hormones)

Question 4

-Explain the functional relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
-Briefly state the other (non endocrine) functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 4

-hypothalamus controls the function of pituitary gland
-temperature regulation
regulation of the autonomic nervous system
control of appetite.

Question 5

Describe the pituitary gland (hypophysis) by:
▪ Naming its two lobes: adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis
▪ Knowing which lobe is anterior or posterior
▪ Knowing the tissue types of each lobe
▪ Describing how the lobes attach to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum
▪ Explaining whether each lobe produces the hormones it secretes

Answer 5

-adenohypophysis is the anterior pituitary gland, neurohypophysis is the posterior pituitary gland
-adenohypophysis is made of epithelium, neurohypophysis is made of the same neural tissue as the hypothalamus
-adenohypophysis is attached by the infundibulum with a bridge of capillaries inside that connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. neurohypophysis is the same
-adenohypophysis does produce the hormones it secretes, while the neurohypophysis does not produce the hormones it secretes but acts more as a storage area

Question 6

Define tropic hormone

Answer 6

-a group of hormones that stimulates other endocrine glands so as to produce their particular hormones

Question 7

Human growth hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 7

pituitary gland (anterior lobe)
pituitary gland (anterior lobe)
controlled by two hormones your hypothalamus releases: growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), which stimulates HGH release, and somatostatin, which prevents (inhibits) HGH release.

Question 8

Prolactin hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 8

pituitary gland (anterior lobe)
pituitary gland (anterior lobe)
short loop feedback whereby prolactin itself stimulates the secretion of the inhibitory factor, dopamine.

Question 9

Thyroid-stimulating hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 9

pituitary gland (anterior lobe)
pituitary gland (anterior lobe)
hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary gland. TRH stimulates thyrotropin cells in the anterior pituitary to the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 10

Follicle-stimulating hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 10

pituitary gland (anterior lobe)
pituitary gland (anterior lobe)
the levels of a number of circulating hormones released by the ovaries and testes (testosterone and estrogen)

Question 11

Luteinizing hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 11

pituitary gland (anterior lobe)
pituitary gland (anterior lobe)
three inter-communicating regions of the body, the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the adrenal glands. Kisspeptin stimulates the release of Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, which binds to receptors in the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 12

Adrenocorticotropic hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 12

pituitary gland (anterior lobe)
pituitary gland (anterior lobe)
three inter-communicating regions of the body, the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the adrenal glands. when cortisol levels in the blood are low, a group of cells in the hypothalamus release a hormone called corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone into the bloodstream.

Question 13

Oxytocin hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 13

hypothalamus
pituitary gland (posterior lobe)
positive feedback mechanism where release of the hormone causes an action that stimulates more of its own release

Question 14

Antidiuretic hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 14

hypothalamus
pituitary gland (posterior lobe)
two main ones are changes in plasma osmotic pressure, and volume status. other factors that promote the release of ADH include exercise, angiotensin II, and emotional states such as pain.

Question 15

Thyroid (T3 and T4) hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 15

thyroid
thyroid
hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary gland. TRH stimulates thyrotropin cells in the anterior pituitary to the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 16

Calcitonin hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 16

thyroid
thyroid
help regulate calcium levels in your blood by decreasing it

Question 17

Parathyroid hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 17

parathyroid glands
parathyroid glands
help regulate calcium levels in your blood by decreasing it

Question 18

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 18

adrenal gland
adrenal gland
The kidney; Cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney produce an enzyme, renin, in response to decreases in blood pressure.

Question 19

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 19

adrenal glands
adrenal glands
Glucocorticoids are rapidly induced in response to inflammation and other stressors, but they also follow secretion patterns that are associated with circadian and ultradian rhythms

Question 20

Gonadocorticoids (androgens) hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 20

adrenal glands and ovaries
adrenal cortex
cybernins for testicles and ovaries. In the testicle, estrogens from the Sertoli cells regulate the Leydig cell testosterone biosynthesis. In the ovary, nonaromatizable androgens are potent inhibitors of the aromatization activity in the granulosa cell.

Question 21

Epinephrine hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 21

adrenal glands
adrenal glands
through its biosynthesis catalyzed by the final enzyme in the catecholamine pathway, phenyl ethanolamine N-methyltransferase

Question 22

Norepinephrine hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 22

adrenal medulla
adrenal glands
adrenal medulla regulates response to stress and other imbalances in the body, such as low blood pressure

Question 23

Glucagon hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 23

pancreas
pancreas
through endocrine and paracrine pathways; ANS

Question 24

Insulin hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 24

pancreas
pancreas
various hormones, such as melatonin, estrogen, leptin, growth hormone, and glucagon like peptide-1 also regulate insulin secretion

Question 25

Melatonin hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 25

pineal gland
pineal gland
regulated not only by that circadian oscillator but acts as a darkness signal, providing feedback to the oscillator

Question 26

Testosterone hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 26

gonads
testes
hypothalamus and pituitary gland control the amount of testosterone your gonads (testicles or ovaries) produce and release

Question 27

Estrogen hormone:
Where is it produced
Where is it secreted
How is it controlled and secreted

Answer 27

ovaries, corpus luteum, and placenta
ovaries
by neurons in the hypothalamus, wherein nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs) are activated to trigger negative feedback regulation when the serum estrogens are in excess over their appropriate physiological levels

Question 28

Define Hashimoto’s disease and know that it is the most common cause of hypothyroidism

Answer 28

-Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hypothyroidism, or underactive thyroid

Question 29

Explain the uses of radioactive iodine

Answer 29

used to treat hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland) and certain types of thyroid cancer. also used to help determine the root causes of hyperthyroidism and to see if certain thyroid cancers have spread to other parts of the body.

Question 30

Define ‘pancreatic islet’, ‘alpha cell’, and ‘beta cell’, and know their functions

Answer 30

-groups of cells in your pancreas, control blood glucose levels
-endocrine cells that are found in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, releases glucagon to elevate blood glucose
-found in the pancreas and make insulin, produce and secrete insulin in a tightly regulated manner, to maintain circulating glucose concentrations in the (narrow) physiological range

Question 31

Define ‘steroid’ hormone and state the chemical building block common to all steroids

Answer 31

-a group of hormones derived from cholesterol that act as chemical messengers in the body.
-Cholesterol

Question 32

Define ‘gluconeogenesis’, and state the relevant hormones

Answer 32

-The process of making glucose (sugar) from its own breakdown products or from the breakdown products of lipids (fats) or proteins
-Insulin and glucagon

Question 33

Define basal metabolic rate and the calorigenic effect as they relate to thyroid hormones.
▪ State whether or not it is possible to have a Goiter with low Thyroid Hormone levels.
▪ State whether or not it is possible to have a Goiter with high Thyroid Hormone levels.

Answer 33

-the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to keep vital functions going, such as breathing and keeping warm. calorigenic effect of thyroid hormone is a fancy way of saying that it will generally increase the overall basal metabolic rate of our body
-It is possible to have a goiter with both low and high thyroid hormone levels

Question 34

State the principle actions of adrenal androgens.

Answer 34

In females, they contribute to libido and are converted into estrogens by other body tissues. After menopause, when ovarian secretion of estrogens ceases, all female estrogens come from conversion of adrenal androgens. Adrenal androgens also stimulate growth of axillary and pubic hair in boys and girls and contribute to growth spurts before puberty.

Question 35

Define ‘diabetes’ and state whether or not diabetes always refers to glucose regulation.

Answer 35

-a disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine.
-diabetes does always refers to glucose regulation

Question 36

State the symptoms and hormonal cause of diabetes insipidus.

Answer 36

-Symptoms are being very thirsty, often with a preference for cold water. Making large amounts of pale urine. Getting up to urinate and drink water often during the night.
-Hormonal cause of diabetes insipidus problems with a hormone called vasopressin (AVP), also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Question 37

State the symptoms and hormonal cause of diabetes mellitus.

Answer 37

-Symptoms include extreme hunger, unintended weight loss, fatigue and weakness, blurred vision, irritability, and other mood changes
-hormonal cause of diabetes mellitus is the body does not produce enough of the hormone insulin

Question 38

Describe the effects of alcohol and caffeine on the endocrine system.

Answer 38

-Both inhibit the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 39

Define Hypersecretion and which hormones promote it

Answer 39

-when an excess of one or more hormone is secreted from a gland

Question 40

Define Hyposecretion and which hormones promote it

Answer 40

-the amount of hormones that are released is too low

Question 41

Define Hypercalcemia and which hormones promote it

Answer 41

-a condition in which the calcium level in your blood is above normal

Question 42

Define Hypocalcemia and which hormones promote it

Answer 42

-deficiency of calcium in the bloodstream.

Question 43

Define Hyperglycemia and which hormones promote it

Answer 43

-an excess of glucose in the bloodstream, often associated with diabetes mellitus.

Question 44

Define Hypoglycemia and which hormones promote it

Answer 44

-deficiency of glucose in the bloodstream.

Question 45

Define Hyperkalemia and which hormones promote it

Answer 45

-a higher than normal level of potassium in the bloodstream.

Question 46

Define Hypokalemia and which hormones promote it

Answer 46

-deficiency of potassium in the bloodstream.

Question 47

Define Hypernatremia and which hormones promote it

Answer 47

-common electrolyte problem and is defined as a rise in serum sodium concentration.

Question 48

Define Hyponatremia and which hormones promote it

Answer 48

-a lower than normal level of sodium in the bloodstream.

Question 49

Explain how chronic hyperglycemia (usually due to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus) damages blood vessels.

Answer 49

-causes a decrease in the elasticity of blood vessels and causes them to narrow, impeding blood flow

Question 50

State Acromegaly’s symptoms and the hormonal/chemical cause

Answer 50

-Symptoms of acromegaly include an enlarged face and hands. Changes to the face may cause the brow bone and lower jawbone to protrude, and the nose and lips to get larger
-develops when your pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood

Question 51

State Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (Adrenogenital syndrome) symptoms and the hormonal/chemical cause

Answer 51

-Abnormal menstrual periods or failure to menstruate. Early appearance of pubic or armpit hair. Excessive hair growth or facial hair. Some enlargement of the clitoris.
-Results from disorders of steroid hormone production in the adrenal glands leading to a deficiency of cortisol

Question 52

State Congenital hypothyroidism symptoms and the hormonal/chemical cause

Answer 52

-jaundice (yellow skin or eyes), sleeping longer or more often than usual. constipation. a large soft spot (fontanel) on the head. large, swollen tongue. weak (“floppy”) muscle tone. swelling around the eyes. poor or slow growth.
-a shortage of iodine in the diet of the mother and the affected infant. Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones

Question 53

State Cushing’s syndrome symptoms and the hormonal/chemical cause

Answer 53

-weight gain. thin arms and legs. a round face. increased fat around the base of the neck. a fatty hump between the shoulders. easy bruising. wide purple stretch marks, mainly on the abdomen, breasts, hips, and under the arms. weak muscles.
-a pituitary adenoma, a noncancerous (benign) tumor on the pea-size pituitary gland, makes too much adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 54

State Giantism or Gigantism symptoms and the hormonal/chemical cause

Answer 54

-large body stature with increased height compared to peers. Muscles and organs may be enlarged as well. Physical changes similar to patients with acromegaly, including: Abnormal enlargement of the hands and feet.
-excessive growth hormone during childhood

Question 55

State Goiter symptoms and the hormonal/chemical cause

Answer 55

-A lump in the front of your neck, just below your Adam’s apple. A feeling of tightness in your throat area. Hoarseness (scratchy voice). Neck vein swelling. Dizziness when you raise your arms above your head.
-Iodine deficiency to produce thyroid hormone

Question 56

State Graves’ disease symptoms and the hormonal/chemical cause

Answer 56

-weight loss, despite an increased appetite. rapid or irregular heartbeat. nervousness, irritability, trouble sleeping, fatigue. shaky hands, muscle weakness. sweating or trouble tolerating heat. frequent bowel movements.
-autoimmune disease caused by the production of TSH receptor antibodies that stimulate thyroid gland growth and thyroid hormone release

Question 57

State Myxedema symptoms and the hormonal/chemical cause

Answer 57

-longstanding hypothyroidism, fatigue; constipation; weight gain; cold intolerance; a deep voice; coarse hair; and dry, pale, cool skin
-low serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and a high thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level

Question 58

State Pituitary dwarfism symptoms and the hormonal/chemical cause

Answer 58

-below-average growth, although body proportions will be normal. Other characteristics might include an immature appearance, a chubby body build, a prominent forehead, and an underdeveloped bridge of the nose.
-pituitary gland makes too little growth hormone, genetic defects, severe brain injury or being born without a pituitary gland.