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Kinesiology > Unit 4 Lecture > Flashcards

Unit 4 Lecture Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

How many vertebrae do each of the regions of the spine have?

A

cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5
sacral - 5

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2
Q

what is the importance of curves in the spine?

A

they provide the vertebral column with more strength & resilience than if it was straight

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3
Q

what are the motions, planes, & axis of the neck & trunk

A
  • flexion, extension, hyperextension sagittal plane, frontal axis
  • lateral bending frontal plane, sagittal axis
  • rotation transverse plane, vertical axis
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4
Q

can rotation occur between C1 and the skull?

A

no

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5
Q

nuchal line

A

ridge that runs horizontally along the back of the head from the occipital bone towards the mastoid process

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6
Q

foramen magnum

A

opening through which the spinal cord enters the cranium

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7
Q

occipital condyles

A

lateral to formen magnum
provides articulation with atlas C1

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8
Q

what are important landmarks of a vertebra?

A
  • size
  • body shape
  • transverse process
  • superior articular process
  • vertebral notch
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9
Q

transverse process

A

attachment for muscles & ligaments

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10
Q

describe the spinous processes of each type of vertebrae

A

cervical - bifid/pronged
thoracic - long, slender, and points inferiorly
lumbar - thick & points posteriorly

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11
Q

describe the superior articular processes of each type of vertebrae

A

cervical - face medially
thoracic - face posteriorly & laterally
lumbar - face posteriorly

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12
Q

vertebral notch

A

depressions on the pedicle

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13
Q

intervertebral discs

A
  • 23 in the spine
  • function to absorb & transmit shock & to maintain flexibility of the vertebral column
  • make up 25 % of total length of vertebral column
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14
Q

name the joints of the spine

A
  • atlanto-occipital joint
  • atlantoaxial joints
    median atlantoaxial joint
    lateral atlantoaxial joint
  • C2-S1
  • posterior articulations on each side via facet joints
  • synovial joint
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15
Q

describe the atlanto-occipital joint

A
  • C1
  • ring shaped with no body or spinous process
  • C1 and skull articulation
  • formed by the condyles of occiput articulating with the superior articular process of atlas
  • strong union supports weight of head
    -nodding
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16
Q

describe the atlantoaxial joints

A
  • C2
  • dens/odontoid process from the pivot
  • articulations between the atlas & axis (3 total)
  • MEDIAN ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT
    • dens of axis & anterior arch of atlas
    • dens of axis & transverse ligament posteriorly
  • LATERAL ATLANTOAXIAL JOINT
    • between the articular processes of the 2 vertebrae (inferior articular process of C1 & superior articular process of C2)
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17
Q

describe the articulations of C2-S1

A
  • strong WB articulations
  • articulate anteriorly on the vertebra between the vertebral bodies
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18
Q

facet

A
  • a small, smooth, flat surface on a bone
  • found on thoracic vertebrae at point of contact with a rib
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19
Q

demifacet

A
  • “half” facet
  • articulate with only half of the rib
  • rib will articulate with the demifacet of thoracic vertebrae superiorly, inferiorly, and laterally
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20
Q

synovial joint

A
  • formed by superior articular process of the vertebra below & inferior articular process of the vertebra above
  • AKA apophyseal (where 2 or more joints join the spine) or zygapophyseal
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21
Q

what are the motions & plane(s) of the cervical spine facet

A

cervical spine facet does all motions & is located between the sagittal & frontal plane

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22
Q

what are the motions & plane(s) of the thoracic spine facet?

A

thoracic spine facet does side bending & rotation & is located in the frontal plane

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23
Q

what are the motions & plane(s) of the lumbar spine facet?

A

lumbar spine facet does flexion & extension & is located in the sagittal plane

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24
Q

describe the mobility & job of the cervical spine

A

very mobile

job is to:
allow nervous tissue to enter the vertebral canal
entrance/exit of blood vessels in the skull
freedom to have motion of the head & neck

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25
describe the mobility & job of the thoracic spine
- less motion job: provide attachment for ribs limits motion due to long spinous processes protects the spinal cord
26
describe the mobility of the lumbar spine
- least amount of motion - most motion occurs between L4 & S1
27
name the ligaments of the neck & trunk
- anterior collateral ligament - posterior longitudinal ligament - supraspinous ligament - interspinous ligament - nuchal ligament - ligamentum flavum
28
describe the anterior collateral ligament
- runs on the anterior, *outside* surface of the vertebral bodies - runs from occiput to sacrum - prevents excessive hyperextension - thin superiorly & thick where it fuses with the sacrum - very strong
29
describe the posterior longitudinal ligament
- runs posteriorly on the *inside* of the vertebral foramen - prevents excessive flexion - thick superiorly (supports the skull) & thin inferiorly in the lumbar spine (many injuries) - very strong in the cervical area
30
describe the supraspinous ligaments
runs from C7 to sacrum along the tips of the spinous processes
31
describe the interspinous ligaments
run between spinous processes
32
describe the nuchal ligament
thick & takes place of *supraspinal* & *interspinal* ligaments of cervical spine
33
describe the ligamentum flavum
connects adjacent laminae anteriorly
34
name the muscles of the cervical spine
- sternocleidomastoid - scalene mm: anterior, middle, posterior - prevertebral mm - suboccipital mm - splenius capitis & cervicis
35
sternocleidomastoid
O: sternum & clavicle I: mastoid process A: bilateral: neck flexion, head hyperextension unilateral: laterally bends neck & rotates to opposite side N: accessory/cranial nn 11 (spinal root for motor) & 2nd & 3rd cervical nerves
36
scalene mm (anterior, middle, posterior)
- deep to superficial - injury >> pain anywhere A: *bilaterally: assists in neck flexion unilaterally: laterally bends neck N: lower cervical nerve
37
prevertebral muscle group
- deep, tiny, anterior - assists in neck/head flexion, maintains postural control, "tucking the chin" I: into occipital bone & transverse processes of C1-C6
38
suboccipital muscles
- small, posterior - clustered together below the base of the skull A: head extension, lateral bending, rotation
39
splenius capitis
- superficial & posterior A: bilaterally: head & neck extension unilaterally: laterally bend & rotate head to the same side
40
splenius cervicis
- deep & posterior A: bilaterally: neck extension unilaterally: laterally bend & rotate neck to the same side
41
prime mover(s) of neck flexion
sternocleidomastoid
42
prime mover(s) of neck extension
splenius capitis & cervicis
43
prime mover(s) of head flexion
prevertebral muscle group
44
prime mover(s) of head extension
suboccipital group
45
prime mover(s) of head hyperextension
sternocleidomastoid
46
prime mover(s) of cervical lateral bending
sternocleidomastoid splenius capitis & cervicis scale muscles
47
prime mover(s) of same side cervical rotation
splenius capitis & cervicis scalene muscles
48
prime mover(s) of opposite side cervical rotation
sternocleidomastoid
49
rectus abdominis
- abs: left & right separated by big, thick band of connective tissue - can do reversal of mm action O: pubis I: xiphoid process & costal cartilages of 5th-7th ribs A: trunk flexion & compression of abdomen N: 7th-12th intercostal nerves
50
external oblique
- most superficial of 3 - large, broad, flat A: bilaterally: trunk flexion & compression of the abdomen unilaterally: lateral bending to *same* side & rotation to *opposite* side N: 8th-12th intercostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nerves
51
internal oblique
- middle of the 3 - looks like an inverted "V" A: bilaterally: trunk flexion & compression of abdomen unilaterally: lateral bending & rotation to same side N: 8th-12th intercostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nerves
52
transverse abdominis
- deepest of the 3 - does not move the trunk - used during coughing, pooping, sneezing A: compression of abdomen N: 7th-12th intercostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nerves
53
erector spinae
- intermediate layer of back extensors that can be divided into 3 groups: *medial, intermediate, lateral* - medial: trunk extension - intermediate: trunk extension & lateral bending - lateral: trunk extension & lateral bending A: bilaterally: trunk & neck extension unilaterally: laterally bend trunk & neck
54
transversospinalis
- deepest of back extensor muscles *semispinalis* span 5+ vertebrae/superficial *multifidus* span 2-4 vertebrae *rotatores* span 1 vertebrae/deep & short - support lumbar spine O: transverse process I: spinous processes of vertebrae above A: bilaterally: trunk extension unilaterally: rotate to opposite side
55
interspinales
A: trunk extension N: spinal nerves
56
quadratus lumborum
A: lateral bending N: 12th thoracic & 1st lumbar nerves - reversal of muscle action
57
prime mover(s) of trunk flexion
rectus abdominis external & internal oblique
58
prime mover(s) of compression of the abdomen
- rectus abdominis - external & internal oblique, transverse abdominis
59
prime mover(s) of trunk extension
- erector spinae - transversospinalis & interspinales
60
prime mover(s) of lateral bending
- external & internal oblique - erector spinae - quadratus lumborum
61
prime mover(s) of same side trunk rotation
internal oblique
62
prime mover(s) of opposite side trunk rotation
- external oblique - transversospinalis
63
what is the composition of the TMJ?
- 2 bones (temporal bone & mandible) - a disk - a joint capsule - 4 ligaments - 4 main muscles
64
when the mandible is at rest, its condyle sits in the ____________
mandibular fossa
65
describe the resting position of the TMJ
mouth closed, teeth mm apart
66
mastoid process
- posterior & inferior to ear - large, bony area
67
what are the motions of the TMJ?
mandibular elevation & depression lateral deviation protrusion & retrusion
68
list the daily activities that the TMJ is involved in
- chewing - talking - yawning - swallowing
69
what are the 4 main muscles of the TMJ?
Temporalis Masseter Medial & Lateral Pterygoid
70
temporalis
- broad & fan shaped A: bilaterally: elevation & retrusion unilaterally: ipsilateral lateral deviation N: cranial nerve V (5) trigeminal
71
Masseter
A: bilaterally: elevation unilaterally: ipsilateral lateral deviation N: cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
72
medial pterygoid
A: bilaterally: elevation & protrusion unilaterally: contralateral lateral deviation N: cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
73
lateral ptergoid
A: bilaterally: depression & protrusion unilaterally: contralateral lateral deviation N: cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
74
what are the prime mover(s) of mandibular elevation?
temporalis masseter medial pterygoid
75
what are the prime mover(s) of mandibular depression?
lateral pterygoid
76
what are the prime mover(s) ipsilateral lateral deviation?
temporalis masseter
77
what are the prime mover(s) for contralateral lateral deviation?
medial & lateral pterygoid
78
what are the prime mover(s) for protrusion?
medial & lateral pterygoids
79
what are the prime mover(s) for retrusion?
temporalis
80
what is the thoracic cage composed of?
- sternum - ribs - costal cartilage
81
describe the sternum
composed of - manubrium - sternal body - xiphoid process (greek "sword")
82
describe the ribs
- attach the posterior vertebral column to the anterior sternum - 24 ribs, 12 on each side *true ribs* (1-7) attach to sternum *false ribs* (8-10) indirect attachment via costal cartilage of 7th rib *floating ribs* (11-12) no anterior attachment
83
which structures border the chest cavity
- sternum borders *anteriorly* - 12 thoracic vertebrae border *posteriorly* - clavicle borders *superiorly* - diaphragm borders *inferiorly*
84
describe the costovertebral joints
the ribs attach with the vertebrae at the body (facet) & transverse process
85
describe the costovertebral articulations
- ribs & sternum (costal cartilage in between) nonaxial, diarthrodial gliding joints little movement, but there is elevation & depression of the rib cage
86
describe the mechanics of respiration
- air flows from higher pressure to lower pressure until pressure is equalized - lungs are passive during breathing
87
describe inhalation
- ribs move *up* & *out* - diameter of chest increases > pressure decreases > air gets forced into the lungs
88
describe the phases of inspiration
*quiet inspiration* at rest/sitting quietly; diaphragm & external intercostal ribs pull up *deep inspiration* increased need for O2; breathes harder *forced inspiration* worked hard, needs more O2
89
describe exhalation
- ribs return *down* and *in* - diameter of the chest decreases > pressure increases > air is forced out of the lungs
90
describe the phases of expiration
*quiet expiration* most passive; relaxation of external intercostals (rib cage pulled down) *forced expiration* actively uses mm that pull down on the ribs, compress the abdomen, and force the diaphragm up
91
describe the internal & external intercostal muscles
- at a right angle to each other - external: pull up to elevate ribs (superficial) - internal: pull down to depress ribs (deep)
92
internal intercostal
*expiration* O: rib below I: rib above A: depress ribs N: intercostal T2-T6 *runs superiorly & medially*
93
external intercostal
*inspiration* O: rib above I: rib below A: elevate ribs N: intercostal T2-T6 *rubs inferiorly & medially*
94
describe the diaphragm muscle
- large & dome shaped - separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity - 3 openings for the *esophagus, inferior vena cava, & aorta* because the muscle is mostly circular & inserts into the central tendon, & since the insertion is higher than the origin (xiphoid process, ribs, and lumbar vertebrae), *the diaphragm pulls DOWN when it contracts* during contraction, the thoracic cavity becomes larger & the abdominal cavity becomes smaller
95
what is the action & nerve of the diaphragm?
A: inhalation N: phrenic nerve C3, C4, C5 keeps the body alive
96
name the accessory muscles of inspiration
*quiet* sternocleidomastoid scalene muscles pec major *deep* sternocleidomastoid scalene muscles pec major levator costarum serratus posterior superior *forced* pec minor levator scapulae upper trapezius rhomboids
97
which accessory muscles of inspiration perform reversal of muscle action?
sternocleidomastoid pec major
98
name the accessory muscles of expiration
*quiet* quadratus lumborum rectus abdominis *forced* quadratus lumborum rectus abdominis transverse abdominis external & internal oblique serratus posterior inferior
99
describe diaphragmatic breathing
- most effective method of breathing & requires the least amount of energy - diaphragm contracts & lowers, causes the abdomen to shrink, lungs to expand, & air to flow into the lungs - position: elevated HOB in supine, sitting, or standing
100
describe chest breathing
- greater effort because only upper portion of lungs is being used - shorter breaths - smaller volume of air drawn into lungs - more prone to hyperventilate & faint
101
valsalva maneuver
- occurs when trying to exhale while holding your breathe - causes an increase in intrathoracic pressure - traps venous blood in veins - when breathe is released: - "trapped" blood quickly goes to heart which increases HR & BP - could have no effect or lead to cardiac arrest

Kinesiology (4 decks)

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