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Ib bio > unit 4 part 1 > Flashcards

unit 4 part 1 Flashcards

(132 cards)

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1
Q

what are the levels of organization

A

Biosphere:all living things on earth and what they interact with
Biome: large areas with similar climate and organisms
Ecosystem: all the living and non living things in an area
Community: all living things in an area that interact
Population: all organisms in one species in one area and how they interact
Individual: 1 organism and its interactions

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2
Q

ecology definition

A

interactions between living things or between living and non living things

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3
Q

habitat definition

A

place where organism lives(general or specific, large or varied)

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4
Q

abiotic factor

A

non living factor that affects organism

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5
Q

biotic factor

A

living thing that affects organism

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6
Q

general well adapted organism examples

A

Lyme grass
-in sandy areas near ocean
-thick cuticle to not lose water easily
-leaves roll up decreasing water loss
-long stems that reach water
-has lots of solutes-water enters by osmosis
Mangrove trees
-swampy areas near oceans
-can secrete salt from cells to get fresh water
-absorbs solute- more water intake
-roots mainly above water
-buoyant seeds that can be dispersed

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7
Q

abiotic factors that affect plants

A

water, temp, sun, soil

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8
Q

abiotic factors that affect animals

A

water temperature

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9
Q

what is a range of tolerance

A

amount of abiotic or biotic factors that an organism can take

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10
Q

how is range of tolerance tested

A

by observing amounts of organisms found at certain factor -ex: temperature
or quadrat sampling

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11
Q

what type of plant is easily measured for range of tolerance

A

aquatic

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12
Q

what is coral

A

animals that build calcium carbonate skeleton. offspring builds skeleton on parents skeleton

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13
Q

how is zooxanthellae algae and coral a mutualistic relationship

A

the algae does photosynthesis to produce oxygen and glucose for the coral and gets carbon dioxide and water in return from the coral doing cell respiration

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14
Q

factors that affect zooxanthellae algae

A

depth-more light, more photosynthesis
pH- too acidic breaks up CaCO3-results in too much co2 in environment
salinity-too much salt, not enough nutrients
clarity-sunlight
temperature- sensitive to warm water

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15
Q

what determines a biomes climate

A

temperature and precipitation

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16
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

2 different organisms develop similar traits at different times for different reasons(analogous structures)

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17
Q

desert climate

A

high temperatures and low rainfall

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18
Q

special adaptatiosn to hot deserts

A

saguaro cactus
-large to hold lots of water
-thick outer layer
-long roots to reach water
-spines protect and perform photosynthesis to lose less water
Fennec fox
-big ears lose heat
-nocturnal
-live in dens underground
-hair on bottom of paws

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19
Q

tropical rainforest climate

A

high temp and precipitation

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20
Q

tropical rainforest adaptations

A

meranti tree
-tall to access sunlight
-leaves are pointy so water runs off
-only drops seeds once every 5 years so its not competing w its own offspring
spider monkey
-climbs to get resources
-long arms and feet
-feet have thumbs
-tails to grip things
-loud voice

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21
Q

process of quadrat sampling

A

separate area into quadrats
choose random quadrats and count # in each
find average
multiply by number of total quadrats

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22
Q

transects

A

walk line through organisms and count number touching line
belt transect- wider-shows abundance
done to see if there is an association between groups-found by chi squared
only works on sedentary animals

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23
Q

Lincoln index

A

capture, mark, release, recapture
estimates mobile organisms
multiply animals captured 1st day by animals recaptured and divide by marked animals recaptured

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24
Q

assumptions made in Lincoln index

A

Area-has to be same
time period- walk same rate and same time between captures
make sure marking doesn’t harm

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25
what is the carrying capacity
maximum size population can be without running out of resources- how much the environment can hold based on number population fluctuates around
26
what affects plant carrying capacities
water,soil, sunlight
27
what affects animal carrying capacities
prey,plants,predators, living space, water
28
what does carrying capacity depend on
-depends on ecosystem and the resources -more competition,lower carrying capacity
29
density independent factors
influence populations no matter the size ex: natural disaster, human activity
30
density dependent factors
influence depends on size ex:disease, competition for resources, predation
31
what does negative feedback mean
a population gets too high for the ecosystem in which it's living, the population declines.
32
what is exponential growth
constantly growing at exponential rate when there's plentiful resources and leads to positive feedback
33
exponential growth organism examples
invasive species&pioneer species bc there's no competition homosapiens
34
what is sigmoid growth
resources become limited shown by s shapes graph
35
examples of sigmoid growth models
Duckweed:plant that grows on water surface -asexual-reproduces quickly Yeast: single cell eukaryote-reproduces asexually
36
what is an intraspecific interaction
within species
37
interspecific interaction
between species
38
intraspecific interaction examples
competition: light pollinate, food, mates cooperation: herds, packs, huddle for warmth, parental care
39
what are the community interactions like
complex can be hundreds of thousands interspecific
40
what are the 6 categories of interspecific interactions
Herbivory: animals eating plants -no hunting -usually not killed Predation: predator hunting, killing, and eating the prey Competition: 2 or more species use same resource -can be inter or intraspecific Mutualism: both benefit from interaction Parasitism: parasite lives on or in host -harms not kills Pathogenicity: pathogen lives on or in host and causes disease
41
competition examples
ivy on oak trees for sunlight
42
examples of plant adaptation to avoid being eaten
thorns, poison, tough cellulose outer layer
43
examples of animal adaptations to overcome plant adaptations
giraffes can avoid spines catepillars consume toxin and become poisonous
44
how do herbivorous insects overcome plant adaptations
jaw like mouthparts-break down outer layer tubular mouthparts- pierce layer
45
what are the 3 main categories of predation features
physical chemical behavioral
46
predation physical feature examples
vampire bats sharp teeth camoflauge
47
predation behavioral features
hunting in packs herds to protect
48
what is the prey predator relationship's impact on population
prey goes down, predators go down, prey goes back up, predators go up
49
what relationship affects population size more than any other
herbivory and predation
50
what is a food chain
shows transfer of energy in 1 linear pathway from 1 organism to the next
51
what is top down control
highest trophic level is in control
52
bottom up control
lowest level is in control
53
impact of natural competition
keeps stable population and carrying capacity
54
unnatural competition meaning
humans move organisms causing competition that wasn't there before and one gets outcompeted-invasive species
55
invasive species examples
Red lionfish -endemic to Indian ocean -people took as pets and became invasive in Gulf of Mexico Salvinia -endemic to Brazil, brought to US as decorative plants -grows on water surface and blocks sunlight causing a lot of problems
56
forms of avoiding competition
Allelopathy: plants release chemicals into soil killing others and removing competition Antibiotic secretion: kills bacteria
57
allelopathy example
Tree of heaven endemic to China, was moved, kills all other plants
57
Antibiotic secretion example
penicillium fungus kills competing bacteria
58
mutualism examples
Fabaceae family and rhizobium bacteria orchidaceae family and mycorrhizae fungus coral and zooxanthellae algae
59
Fabaceae family and rhizobium bacteria mutualistic relationship
the bacteria grows on nodules on roots bacteria gets protection and glucose from legume to do cell respiration live in soil with low oxygen the legumes get nitrogen and uses in proteins and nucleic acids
60
orchidaceae family and mycorrhizae fungus mutualistic relationship
orchid does photosynthesis and fungus gets glucose and protection orchid gets nitrogen
61
ways to test association out in field
chi squared, licoln index, quadrat sampling
62
ways to test association in lab
keep all controlled except independent variable
63
what is a mesocosm
smaller experimental area we have control over
64
what is a niche
role an organism plays in an environment--everything about it and the dimensions it needs to survive
65
what are the dimensions of an organisms niche
zones of tolerance nutrient absorption interspecific interactions oxygen usage
66
what are obligate aerobes
organism has a constant need for oxygen and must live in environment with constant supply
67
what are obligate anaerobes
must live in place with little to no oxygen
68
what are facultative anaerobes
can constantly need oxygen or barely need it example: yeast
69
what are autotrophs
get nutrients from abiotic source-usually photosynthesis or possibly chemosynthesis
70
what are the two types of photosynthesizers
plants algae bacteria-cyanobacteria
71
what are heterotrophs
get nutrients from biotic sources
72
what is holozoic nutrition
consuming and the performing internal digestion
73
what is saprotrophic nutrition
release of digestive enzymes which breaks up the usually dead matter organism absorbs nutrients
74
what are mixotrophs
get nutrients from both biotic and abiotic sources can be obligate or facultative
75
mixotrophs examples
Venus flytrap Euglena- absorbs sunlight or dead material
76
what is archaea
bacteria in its own domain has proteins around DNA like eukaryotes but it is single celled with no nucleus
77
what are the 3 nutrition categories in archea
phototrophs chemotrophs-get from inorganic chemicals like iron heterotrophs
78
what is the relationship between dentition and diet
organisms develop adaptations based on food they eat, such as teeth
79
what is a hominidae
family humans and apes fall under
80
what are teeth like in herbivores
wide and flat
81
what are teeth like in carnivores
sharp and pointy
82
why do plants not have adaptations to get water in a forest
there is an abundance of water
83
examples of plant adaptations to get light
tall trees lianas/vines-grow up on other things epiphyte- bush that lives on tree branch strangler epiphytes- wrap up around whole tree adapation to need less light
84
what is a fundamental niche
resources an organism could use and the things it could do if there were no competition
85
what is a realized niche
resources actually used because of competition has to be unique or one will die
86
what is competitive exclusion
one group of organisms dies out because of competition
87
what is an open system ecosystem
free flow of nutrients and energy in exchange with other place -most
88
what is a closed system
only have free flow of energy-nutrients stay and cycle -earth -mesocosm
89
what do organisms without light access get energy
chemotherapy
90
what is a food web
shows all possible ways energy can flow in a community
91
where do decompeosers get energy
organic dead matter
92
what are the decomposer categories
detritivores: internal,holozoic digestion ex: earthworms,beetles saprotrophs:external digestion ex: fungi
93
detritus meaning
stuff most organisms cant digest ex: fur, bones, feces, dead matter
94
how are inorganic nutrients turned organic
by photosynthesis and cell respiration
95
what is a phototroph
get energy from light
96
chemoautotroph
get energy from chemicals-underwater sea vents or iron-oxidizing bacteria
97
what is the purpose of digestion
releasing energy so molecules can be broken down, energy absorbed and used to make and be stored in bigger molecules
98
why do living things to cell respiration
to make ATP and use anywhere around cell
99
what is a trophic level
where organism fits in food chain or web-where it gets energy
100
what does the limit of trophic levels come from
available energy
101
what does a energy pyramid show
shows energy amount in each trophic level and energy loss
102
what trophic level has most energy available
produces
103
what is the energy unit
kilojoules per meter squared per year
104
what are the 3 reasons energy is lost between levels
1.incomplete consumption- organism not always eaten 2. incomplete digestion- waste consumed by decomposers 3. conversion to ATP isn't efficient-energy lost
105
biomass meaning
all organic molecules besides water correlates to energy because the molecules need energy to be made
106
production meaning
amount of biomass created -grams per square meter per year
107
primary production
amount of organic molecules made from inorganic sources -done by producers
108
reason for making organic molecules
growth and energy
109
gross primary production
Total amount made for either growth or energy
110
net primary production
production just used for growth found by taking gross - repsiration
111
what is secondary production
using organic molecules to build other organic molecules -heterotrophs
112
primary vs secondary difference in energy
energy lost by secondary production growing crops is much more efficient than producing meat different animals are more efficient than others
113
what's the reason for continuous nutrient cycle
all living things need supply of carbon
114
pool
place where nutrient exists shown by text boxes
115
flux
how carbon moves between pools shown by arrows
116
what determines if an ecosystems have more photosynthesis or cell respiration
if an ecosystem absorbs more carbon, more photosynthesis if an ecosystem releases more carbon, more cell respiration
117
carbon sink
ecosystem where carbon increases. ex:rainforest
118
carbon source
releases lots of co2, carbon decreases ex: man made places
119
how are fossil fuels made
organisms die, aren't fully decomposed, temp and pressure from earth changes molecules to make fossil fuels
120
what sink takes the longest to form
oil and natural gas
121
how is coal formed
in swamp areas anaerobic soil not many decomposers doesn't take as much temp and pressure
122
how is peat formed
in acidic and anaerobic areas forms at Earth's surface and can become coal
123
why do we burn fossil fuels
for energy-CO2 is byproduct
124
whats a natural combustion form
grass/wild fires a lot of nutrients go back into soil
125
why is the combustion humans do and cause bad
we create an imbalance
126
what is the keeling curve
shows amount of CO2 in atmosphere -measurements taken at Mauna Loa
127
why are keeling measurements taken at Mauna loa
its far from humans close to homogenous atmosphere-evenly spread reading
128
2 main things of keeling curve
Annual fluctuations -summer-low CO2- more plants doing photosynthesis-more co2 being removed -winter-high CO2-less plants-less photosynthesis Longterm trend -overall increase
129
what nutrients cycle
all nitrogen,phosphorus,sulfur,hydrogen,oxygen, carbon
130
what is the nutrient cycle between
Abiotic and Biotic things continuous cycle because each pool needs continuously replenished
131

Ib bio (8 decks)

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