unit 5

Question 1

human relationship general to specific

Answer 1

biggest group- eukaryotes
then animal
then human
most in common with family

Question 2

what concepts did Linnaeus come up with

Answer 2

the morphological species concept
Binomial nomenclature

Question 3

what is the morphological species concept

Answer 3

define species based on appearance

Question 4

what led to us changing from the morphological species concept

Answer 4

evolution since organisms changing means appearance isn’t as important

Question 5

what is the biological species concept

Answer 5

species is defined on whether organisms can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring
- shares gene pool
-horses and donkeys make mules but mules can’t make more horse or donkeys meaning they have separate gene pools

Question 6

exceptions to biological species concept

Answer 6

-group of organisms can breed but don’t because of different mating habits
-fertile hybrids ex:lions and tigers can mate but don’t in wild
-asexual organisms-look similar but have genetic or molecular differences

Question 7

population definition

Answer 7

group of organisms of same species in same place at same time
-different populations that don’t share gene pool are hard to define

Question 8

ways an organism can change

Answer 8

-# of chromosomes
-change in gene pool
-changes in genome

Question 9

evolution definition

Answer 9

change in available genes in gene pool leading to new species

Question 10

what influences evolution

Answer 10

natural selection influences change based on traits best for organism in environment so organism passes it on
-darwinism

Question 11

what helped to figure out evolution and natural selection

Answer 11

fossils
acquired characteristics-Lamarck ex: giraffe neck

Question 12

speciation definition

Answer 12

when gene pools have separated and there’s no interbreeding so there is a definite new species

Question 13

what is reproductive isolation

Answer 13

-organisms are in different places or separated by barrier like a river or lake
-leads to evolution and speciation

Question 14

how does reproductive isolation lead to speciation

Answer 14

organisms being separated are affected by factors like different climate and predators leading to different adaptations and separates gene pool and stops interbreeding

Question 15

exceptions to speciation

Answer 15

divergent selection- there are changes but interbreeding is possible
biological species concept

Question 16

speciation examples

Answer 16

1. banobo and chimpanzee
   -were moved to different place separated by congo river and gene pools were separated
2. lava lizards on Galápagos islands
   - on different islands

Question 17

molecular evidence for evolution

Answer 17

-molecules have been conserved and the main 4 are in all living things
-processes conserved
- rate of beneficial mutations fit with rate of evolution
-DNA we have in common w other organisms- common ancestors

Question 18

what is micro evolution

Answer 18

when microorganisms evolve
-happens fast since they reproduce fast- more mutations
-easily studied
-ex: antibiotic resistance, covid

Question 19

what is artificial selection

Answer 19

humans picking traits by selective breeding

Question 20

examples of selective breeding

Answer 20

crops like corn that’s bigger or sweeter
dog breeds based on speed, size
we domesticated wolves into dogs

Question 21

how is selective breeding evidence for evolution

Answer 21

our ability to do this means nature can as well

Question 22

homologous structures

Answer 22

body structures that look alike because they came from common ancestors
-ex:pentadactyl limbs- 5 fingers connected to limbs- humans,cats, whales, bats

Question 23

vestigial structures

Answer 23

have similar structure with organism but no function anymore
-ex: human appendix & tailbone, whale hip bones

Question 24

analogous structures

Answer 24

similar structures but from different ancestors
-ex:wings- evidence because it is a useful adaptation

Question 25

convergent evolution

Answer 25

different organisms develop similar traits -analogous structures

Question 26

4 statement summary on how natural selection works

Answer 26

1. variation 2. overproduction of offspring 3. increased survival rate for those with better adaptations 4. reproduction

Question 27

how does variation make natural selection work

Answer 27

if all are the same, all will die out if a problem occurs

Question 28

3 sources of variation

Answer 28

1. mutations-create new alleles in DNA 2. meiosis- chromosomes get mixed meaning alleles are mixed- segregation and independent assortment -any allele can go to any offspring -crossing over when genes are on same chromosome 3. sexual reproduction-any sperm can fertilize any egg -same partners or different

Question 29

how do asexual organisms get variation

Answer 29

mutations can exchange plasmids-dna- with others of either same species or different

Question 30

overproduction of offspring leading to natural selection

Answer 30

producing more offspring than environment can support meaning competition occurs and the organisms with better adaptations will survive ex: giraffes with longer necks are able to eat more and survive

Question 31

slow breeding organism example

Answer 31

elephants still overproduce because they live a long time and use a lot of resources leaving offspring with less

Question 32

fast breeding organism examples

Answer 32

fish and insects

Question 33

differential survival leading to natural selection

Answer 33

depends on environment comes from selection pressure survival depends on how well adapted an organism is -fitness

Question 34

fitness definition

Answer 34

the best at surviving no matter the environment -ex: ability to reproduce

Question 35

inheritance leading to natural selection

Answer 35

adaptations have to be able to be passed on otherwise they're acquired and wont lead to natural selection DNA has to code for adaptations Sexual selection

Question 36

What are some ways scientists use fossils as evidence for evolution?

Answer 36

Fossils show how organisms have changed over time and how they are related. Fossils also show extinction which supports the idea of natural selection