unit 6 Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
what does the respiratory system refer to
A
gas exchange
2
Q
gas exchange definition
A
input of one gas and an output of another
-done by all living things usually for cell respiration
3
Q
how do molecules get across membrane for gas exchange
A
the concentration gradient
high to low
4
Q
why do organisms want to be small
A
to have a higher surface area and smaller volume-higher concentration and faster processes
5
Q
4 required properties for cells to increase gas exchange rate
A
- permeabilty-easily get across membrane
- large surface area to volume ratio
- moist- increases surface area
- thin- increases surface area
6
Q
how does cell respiration affect inputs and outputs of gas exchange
A
cell respiration uses up oxygen meaning there is less in the cells than outside
oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood
- makes CO2 to increase CO2 levels so that it goes out
7
Q
what do capillaries do for the respiratory system
A
surround lungs/alveoli and move blood carrying oxygen away from lungs and bring CO2 in
8
Q
ventilation definition
A
process of moving air from environment into place where gas exchange happens
9
Q
breathing system in mammals
A
air enters nose and mouth
goes down trachea
trachea branches into many bronchioles
then into alveoli
-every crevice is to increase surface area and gas exchange
capillaries surround alveoli
10
Q
surfactant definiton
A
reduces surface tension so lungs can be flexible and helps gas exchange rate
11
Q
what is meant by pressure gradient
A
when more pressure is applies, gases move more quickly away
12
Q
inspiration definition
A
getting gas from out to in
-involves making space larger to decrease pressure
13
Q
expiration definition
A
gas going out
-higher pressure means gas goes out
14
Q
how do the muscles around lungs move air
A
by contracting and relaxing
15
Q
what are antagonistic muscles
A
make body parts go in opposite directions by contracting and relaxing
-ex:bicep and tricep
16
Q
inspiration process
A
-volume increases
-diaphragm muscles contract pulling lungs down
-abdominal muscles relax
-internal intercostal muscles relax
-external intercostal muscles contract increasing volume of thoracic cavity
17
Q
expiration process
A
-volume decrease
-diaphragm relaxes
-ab muscles contract
-internal intercostal contract
-external intercostal relax
18
Q
tidal volume definition
A
amount of air normally breathed in and out
-ventilation rate- breaths per minute
19
Q
vital capacity
A
max amount possibly breathed out
20
Q
inspiratory reserve
A
amount of air you could breathe in after a normal breath
21
Q
expiratory reserve
A
amount of air you can breathe out after a normal breath
22
Q
ways of measuring lung volumes
A
bell jar with graduations:
-blow into upside down beaker in water and measuring gas
spirometer:
breathe in and out into the tube
-the chamber lid with rise and fall
-tells the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve
balloon
23
Q
what is the outside layer of capillaries like
A
thin to increase rate of transport across membrane
permeable
has pores to make transport easier for bigger molecules
24
Q
fenestration definition
A
extra large pores in capillaries to allow for even more rapid movement
25
how can capillaries be identified
very small, 1-10 micrometers
extreme thin 1 layer walls
26
what are arteries for
transporting blood away from heart
-carrying oxygen, sugars, hormones, amino acids,antibodies
27
what is the pressure like in arteries
high because the blood is being pumped from heart
28
characteristics of artery walls
thick to prevent leaking and bulging
muscles to maintain pressure, continuously pumping blood
elastic fibers to stretch
collagen fibers for ridgity and strength to withstand pressure
29
what is the lumen like in arteries
narrow to increase pressure
30
how can arteries be identified
bigger, 100-1000 micrometers
thick outer walls with multiple layers
31
what is a pulse
comes from the heart pumping blood through arteries at body surface
32
how do oximeters work
measure light changes by shining light into finger and detecting the LED bouncing back
33
what are veins for
taking blood back to heart from the capillaries
34
what is the lumen in veins like
wider-low pressure
35
what are the valves in veins for
to make sure blood is going right direction
right way-valves open
wrong way-valves shut
36
how can veins be identified
a little bigger than arteries
thin wall compared to artery but thicker than capillary
few walls-some muscle
37
occlusion meaning
something becomes more narrow
38
what are coronary arteries
arteries supplying blood to heart
39
how do coronary arteries get occluded
from fatty deposits
-decreases blood flow and can cause chest pains and shortness of breath
40
thrombosis meaning
formation of blood clots
41
what happens when a fatty deposits breaks
blood clots form on surface and seal up skin restricting blood flow even more
-can destroy cells
42
what is a heart attack
pulse becoming irregular from loss of oxygen
-muscle cells can die which causes heart disease
43
Describe the concentration gradient that exists between capillaries and alveoli.
There is a high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli so it diffuses into the capillaries. There is a high concentration of CO2 in the blood so it diffuses into the alveoli
44
what are neurons
nerve cells
send and receive signals
45
what does nerve impulse mean
the signal being sent through the body by neurons
-electrical
-ions give the cell charge
46
neuron structure
cell body
cell membrane has extending branches to send and receive signals
dendrites: many short branches for short distance signals-most in brain and spinal cord
Axon- 1 long extension only for sending signals- all over body
47
what does resting potential mean
when a neuron isn't sending or receiving a signal
-has a voltage
48
how does the sodium potassium work in resting potential
- pumps sodium out, potassium in
-creates a concentration gradient which create more potassium inside and more sodium outside
-charge comes from the big negatively charged proteins inside axon, giving it negative voltage
49
what does action potential mean
when a neuron is sending signal
-change in charge as nerve impulse moves down axon
50
process of action potential
1. signal, usually positively charged, shows up at axon and tells sodium to open up channels
2. sodium flows in, increasing charge(depolarization)
3. when charge reaches peak, it causes potassium channels to open
4. potassium flows out, making charge go back down(repolarization)
5. potassium is pumped back in, sodium pumped out-resting potential
6. sodium channel openes again, process repeats since sodium flows down axon
51
how does nerve impulse speed correlate with axon diameter
the wider the axon, the faster the impulse
52
giant axons
50-100x bigger than ours
found in giant squid-use for jet propulsion
take up a lot of room
53
myelin
type of phospholipid we add to axons to make it thicker-speeds up impulse
-gaps are where action potential happens-increases speed
54
what is a synaps
junction between cells-neuron and other cells
most in brain
55
examples of receptor cells
muscle and hormone cells, other neurons
56
synaptic cleft
gap between 2 cells at junction
57
neurotransmitters
molecule that carries signal across synaptic cleft
58
pre synaptic cell
cell that sends neurotransmitter/signal
59
post synaptic cell
cell that receives neurotransmitter
60
pre synaps to post synaps transmission steps
1. signal reaches end of pre synaptic membrane
2. when it reaches end, the last depolarization causes calcium(+2) channels to open
3. drastic increase in charge tells vesicles carrying transmitters to fuse with outer membrane of pre synaps
4. neurotransmitters are released
5. neurotransmitters diffuse from pre synaps to post synaps across cleft
6. neurotransmitters bind to membrane protein on the post synaptic membrane
7. sodium channels open
8. sodium ions diffuse into post synaptic neuron
9. action potential is generated
10. neurotransmitters are broken down and can diffuse back
61
importance of system integration
functions of life only exist if we have coordinating systems
ex: communication
62
subsystems
-cells:smallest unit of life
-tissues: similar cells
-organs: made of multiple tissues for multiple functions ex: pancreas
-organ systems: multiple organs for 1 main purpose
-organism
63
point of nervous and endocrine systems
both all about communication
64
types of signal in nervous and endocrine systems
nervous: ions-missing or extra chromosome
endocrine: hormones-made of proteins
65
how signal is transmitted in nervous and endocrine systems
nervous: action potential moves through axon of neuron
endocrine: move through circulatory system
66
signal destination in nervous and endocrine systems
nervous: muscles,hormone cells, other neurons
endocrine: any type of cell
67
types of responses in nervous and endocrine systems
nervous: contracts muscles, keeps sending signal, or releases hormones
endocrine: anything
68
speed of signaling in nervous and endocrine systems
nervous: rapid- in milliseconds
endocrine: slower
69
duration of signaling in nervous and endocrine systems
nervous: short
endocrine: longer ex: body responding to adrenaline
70
2 major parts of central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
71
brain functions
sending and receiving signals for both nervous and endocrine
-good at sending signals in response- the "now"
-memory-past inputs and outputs affecting inputs and outputs now
-leads to critical thinking
72
spinal cord functions
sends and receives signals, mainly controlled by brain-brain's transmitter
-connects brain to everywhere else
-not only controlled by brain
73
what is white matter
- signals from spinal cord
-mainly connected to organs
-mainly controlled by spinal cord
74
what is grey matter
-signals from spinal cord, but controlled by brain
-mainly connected to muscle
75
concious actions
only performed while awake voluntairily
-controlling striated/skeletal muscle contractions
-only come from brain
76
List two muscles which cause the thoracic volume to increase.
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
77
List two muscles which cause the thoracic volume to decrease.
Abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles
78
what do sensory neurons do
for the input of signals to CNS
take signals from around body to CNS
79
what are sensory receptors cells
cells sensory neurons get signals from
ex: skin cells-touch, eye cells-sight, muscle cells, digestive system
80
what do motor neurons do
take signals from CNS to rest of body
usually to striated muscle cells around bone
81
what is acetylcholine
transmitter that takes motor neurons to muscle cells across synapse
82
why do neurons exist in bundles
to increase the likelihood of signal being sent and received due to increased concentrations
-bundle usually has protective sheath
83
what is the output of a reflex arc
usually response to pain
84
reflex arc steps
1. detection of stimulus(heat, pain etc) -receptor cell getting signal and taking it to sensory neurons
2. signal moves towards spinal cord
3. signal goes to motor neurons down to muscle effector cell by interneurons
85
what are interneurons
connect sensory neurons to motor neurons
86
what is the cerebellum
the base part of the brain directly connected to spinal cord
-usually unconscious proccess
lizard brain
87
what kind of cells is the cerebellum connected to
lot of muscle cells-usually smooth muscle but can be skeletal if its unconcious
88
what is a circadian rhythm
any behavior that follows 24 hour pattern
sleeping, eating, breeding, migration
89
what are sleep patterns controlled by
pineal gland releasing melatonin
amount increases at night, decreases in morning
messed up bc of lightbulb invention and us ignoring the melatonin
90
input of sleep patterns
light
-eye cells is the sensory receptors cell
-goes to sensory neuron to brain to motor neurons
91
what is adrenaline/epinephrine
hormone that prepares body for vigorous activity
secreted by adrenal glands which are next to kidneys because kidneys filter blood so it helps adrenaline get around body
92
what is a fight or flight response
adaptation helped by adrenaline
93
how do athletes use adrenaline
to increase energy and heart rate
94
effects of adrenaline to get more energy and cell respiration
-adrenaline breaks down glycerin into glucose to use for cell respiration
-expanding bronchi and bronchioles to increase ventilation and oxygen for cell respiration
-adrenaline can increase ventilation rate
-adrenaline increases heart rate to increase amount of oxygen and glucose getting to our cells
-increasing volume of veins and arteries
95
what systems does the hypothalamus and pituitary gland connect
nervous and endocrine
96
what does the hypothalamus do
conductor of endocrine system based off signals received from CNS
-regulates body temp
-moniters blood glucose levels
-controls water concentration in blood
-moniters hormone levels of all kinds
97
what does the pituitary gland do
releases nire different kinds of hormones than any other part of the body
-involved in puberty
-mainly listens
98
where does heart rate get initiated from
cells in the heart
99
what is the enteric nervous system
not controlled by spine or brain
100
what does the medulla do
connects heart to brain
has 2 nerves, one in charge of speeding heart rate, one in charge of slowing
101
conditions to speed heart rate
low blood pressure
low oxygen concentration
low pH-wants to get CO2 out of lungs
102
how are receptor cells involved in heart rate
give signals to sensory neuron to spinal cord or brain to motor neurons(the 2 nerves in the medulla)
103
what are baroreceptors
monitor pressure in arteries
104
what are chemoreceptors
monitor chemical levels
105
what is ventilation rate controlled by
oxygen levels in blood by chemoreceptors
based on blood pH by chemoreceptors
-muscles connected to brain stem-involuntary
106
digestion purpose
break down molecules involving enzymes
absorb these molecules and use for amino acids and cell respiration
-the more time these molecules are there the better chance of them being absorbed
107
what is peristalsis
muscle contractions that push food along gut
-smooth muscle
-enteric nervous system
108
the structure in the heart which acts as a pacemaker
Sinoatrial node
-wall of right atrium
