Unit 4 - part 7 Viruses of medical importance: Vaccine-preventable viral disease (VPVD) Flashcards
1
Q
what is the causitive agent of poliomyelitis
A
poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 - all 3 can cause paralysis
2
Q
what type of virus is the poliovirus
A
small ss RNA non-enveloped viruses
3
Q
what family is the polio virus in
A
picornaviridae
4
Q
what are the major reservoirs for polio
A
humans especially children
5
Q
what are the modes of transmission for polio
A
PTP via feacl-oral route
contact with throat secretions
rarely spread by contaminated vehicles or formites
6
Q
what is the Ro value for polio
A
5-7
7
Q
what is the incubation period for polio
A
7-14 days
8
Q
what is the period of communicability for polio
A
as long as the virus is excreted
1 week in the throat, 3 weeks in feces
9
Q
4 phases of poliomyelitis pathogeneis
A
ailmentary phase
lymphatic phase
viremic phase
neurologic phase
10
Q
what occurs in the ailmentary phase of polio
A
- virus replicates in the oropharyngeal and intestinal mucosa
- spreads to tonsils and multiplies in peyer’s patches, cervical and mesenteric nodes
11
Q
what occurs in the lymphatic phase of polio
A
virus is absorbed into the bloodstream and spreads to the internal organs and lymph nodes
12
Q
what are the two options in the viremic phase of polio
A
- no further of virus, pt. is asymptomatic or mild febrile
2. virus spreads to spianl cord and brain
13
Q
if polio spreads to the spinal cord and brain what stage of pathogenesis occurs
A
neurologic phase
14
Q
what occurs in the neurologic phase
A
paralysis
15
Q
what are the 4 risk factors for polio
A
- living in the same house with an infected person
- unvaccinated and inadequately vaccinated people
- immunocompromised
- poor sanitation and hygeine
16
Q
what does it mean when a disease has been eradicated
A
completely gone from earth
17
Q
what does it mean when a disease is eliminated
A
gone at country level or continent level for at least 3 years
18
Q
what are the S & S of polio
A
sore throat and vomiting fever and headache fatigue and muscle pain stiffness of neck limbs and back photophobia flaccid and asymmetric paralysis paralysis of respiratory muscles
19
Q
what are common clinical features and complications of polio
A
quadrapeligic patient
paralysis
crawling
crouching gait
20
Q
Polio vaccine used in canada is effective agaisnt what types of polio and what is it called
A
IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) all 3 (trivalent)
21
Q
what 3 countries is polio still present in
A
afganistan
nigeria
pakistan
22
Q
what is AFM
A
acute flaccid myelitis
mostly seen in children
poliomyelitis-like symptoms
23
Q
what is the causative agent for the influenza virus
A
types A and B viruses
24
Q
what type genome does the influenza virus have
A
ss RNA enveloped virus with segmented genome
25
what family is the influenza virus from
orhtomyxoviridae
26
what is the major resevoir for influenza
aquatic birds but also circulate in among other animals such as pigs
humans are a major reservoir for 3 subtypes
27
what are the main modes of transmission for influenza
droplet and contact
28
what is the Ro value for influenza
1.27-1.8
29
what is the incubation period for the flu
average 2 days
| 1-4 days
30
what is the POC of the flu
day before symptom onset until about 4 days after (7-10 days or longer for children)
31
what are complications for inluenza
pneumonia
febrile seizure
hospitalizations
death
32
4 steps of parthogenesis of the flu
1. aerosol incubation of virus
2. replication in respiratory tract
3. desquamation of mucus-secreting ciliated cells
4. influenza syndrome
33
5 risk factors for the flu
```
age
immunocompromised
chronic illness
pregnancy
obesity (BMI >40)
```
34
what is the causative agent for measles
measles virus
35
what type of genetic make up is the measles virus
ss RNA enveloped virus
36
what type of spikes does the mealses virus have
H spikes - different from those of the influenza virus
37
what is the major reservoir for measles
humans
38
what is the major mode of transmission for measles
PTP via airborne, droples, nasal or throat secrtions or contact with fomites
39
what is the Ro value for measles
12-18 one of the most contagious disease
40
what is the IP for measles
14 days
41
what is the POC for measles
usually 4 days before and after rash appears
42
what are S & S for measles
```
high fever
cough
runny nose
conjunctivitis
kopliks spots
maculopapular rash
```
43
what does a maculopapular rash look like
small raised bumps may appear on top of the flat red spots - on face, neck, trunk, arms, legs and feet
44
what are the 4 risk factors for measles
lack or incomplete vaccination
international travel
vitamin A deficiency
immunocompromised
45
what is the measles vaccine commonly offered with
measles mumps and rubella
46
what is the measles vaccine made up of
attenuated (weakened) live viruses
47
what does attenuation mean
a process to make the live viruses non-pathogenic
48
what is the causative agent of mumps
mumps virus
49
true or false: measles and mumps are both part of the same family paramyxoviridae
true
50
what is the major reservoir of mumps
humans
51
what is the mode of transmission of mumps
droplet spread and direct contact with saliva of infected persons
52
what is the Ro value for mumps
4-7
53
what is the incubation period for mumps
16-18 days
54
what is the POC for mumps
7 days before the onset of parotitis to 9 days afterwords
55
what are the S&S of mumps
```
fever
headache
muscle aches
fatigue
parotitis
```
56
what is parotitis (as seen in mumps)
swollen and tender salivary glands under the ears on one or both sides
57
what are 4 complications of mumps
orchitis
oophoritis
meningitis and encephalitis
pancreatitis
58
what is orchitis (seen in mumps)
swelling of testes in 20-30% of post pubertal males (rarely causing infertility)
59
what is oophoritis (seen in mumps)
swollen ovaries, seen in about 5% of post-pubertal females
60
what is rubella commonly referred to as
german measles
61
what is the causative agent for rubella
rubella virus
62
what type of virus is rubella
ss RNA eveloped virus
63
what family is rubella in
togaviridae
64
what is the MR for rubella
humans
65
what is the MT for measles
PTP via droplet spread and direct contact with nasopharyngeal secreiona
66
what is the Ro value for measles
6-7
67
what is the Ip for rubella
14-17 days
68
whats the POC for rubella
7 days before the onset of rash to 4 days or longer afterwards
69
what are the S&S of rubella
similar to those of measles except:
low grade fever
absence of Koplik's spot
rash - less intensely red
70
where is the rubella virus developed
nasopharynx
71
once the rubella virus is developed in the nasopharynx where can it spread to
```
respiratory tract
skin
lymph nodes
joints
placenta or fetus
```
72
the rubella virus in the respiratory tract can cause what symptoms
sore throat
| cough
73
rubella virus spread to the skin what symptoms do you experience
rashes and lesions
74
the rubella virus in joints what S& S occur
mild arthralgia
| arthrtitis
75
what S & S would you expect if rubella spread to the pacenta or fetus
pacentitis
| fetal damage
76
A woman infecd with rubella during the first 3 months of pregnancy has up toa a____% chance of giving birth to a baby with congenital rubella syndrom
90%
77
congenital rubella syndrome can lead to what four problems
blindness
deafness
heart disease
other birth defects
78
what is the causative agent for hepatitus B
hepatitits B virus
79
what is the major resevoir for hep B
humans esp. chronic carriers (people who have been infected greater than 6 months)
80
what is the mode of transmission for hep B
PTP via contact with blood and body fluids (IV drug use, needle-stick, contaminated blood supply/products, sex and congenial transmission
81
what is the Ro value for hep B
2.4
82
What is the IP for HBV
2-3 months
83
what is the POC for HBV
as long as the infected erson is shedding the virus
84
what are the two different types of HBV
acute
| chronci
85
what percentatge of HBV infections are acute
90-95%
86
chronic HBV infection is most likely the resutl of
infection at/around birth
87
What are the S&S of HBV
```
fever
N/V
fatigue
abdominal & joint pain
dark urine
jaundice
```
88
what are 3 complications associated with HBV
cirrhosis
| liver cancer
89
what type of vaccine is used for HBV
recombiant DNA product containing the surface antigen HBsAg
90
antibodies made against the ______ confers protect against
HBsAg
91
does HCV have a vaccine?
no
92
is their treatment available for HCV
yes, sofosbuvir inhibits viral replication of the enzyme
| sofosbuvir in combination with other drugs have shown high cure rates
93
What is the causative agent for human papilloma virus (HPV)
>120 types
94
what type of virus is the HPV virus
ds DNA non-enveloped virus
95
what family is the HPV virus
papilomavirdae
96
what is the MR for HPV
humans
97
what is the MT for HPV
PTP via direct contact shed such as sexual intercourse for genital warts and skin to skin contact or sharing of contaminated formites
98
what is the Ro for HPV
0.52
99
what is the IP for HPV
2-3 months
100
what is the POC for HPV
unknown
101
True or False most HPV infections are symptomtatic
false they are asymptomatic
102
infection resolved by immune response for HPV within a year?
| 2 years?
one year: 70%
| 90% within 2 years
103
What are the 6 complications of HPV
```
cancer of:
cervix
vagina
penis
anus
rectum
throat
```
104
What are 4 risk factors for HPV
increasing number of lifetime sexual partners and early age of sexual activity
risk of HPV infection
immunocompormised
co-infection with chlamydia and possibly HSV
105
The HPV vaccine is made from
subunit vaccines made by recombinant DNA technology
106
What is chickenpox caused by
varicella zoster virus *VZV
107
shingles is considered a ____ infection of what virus
latent
| varicella zoster virus
108
what type of virus is varicella zoster virus
ds DNA enveloped virus
109
what is the MR for chickenpox
humans
110
what is the MT of chickenpox
PTP via droplets and direct contaact with vesicular fluid of blisters on people with chickenpox or shingles
111
what is the Ro value for chickenpox
7-12
112
what is the IP for chickenpox
12-21 days
113
what is the POC for chickenpox
4-8 days before lesions appear and 4-5 days after crusting
114
what are the S&S of chickenpox
```
rash
fever
fatigue
headache
loos of appetite
```
115
what type of rash appears in chickenpox
itchy, fluid filled blisters that eventually turn into scabs
116
what are the risk factors for chicken pox
age (infants, adolescents and adults)
unvaccinated persons
immunocompromised
pregnancy
117
what are 4 complications of chickenpox
secondary bacterial skin infections
pneumonia
encephalitis
sepsis
118
Chickenpox and shingles vaccine contains
live attenuated viruses
119
what % of children vaccinated with the chickenpox or shingles still get breakthrough varicella
15-20%
120
what vaccine is used for people who are over 60 for protection against chickenpox and shingles
herpse zoster vaccine
| 14X more potent
121
what is the causative agent for rotavirus diarrhea
rotavirus
122
what type of virus is the rotavirus
ds DNA non-enveloped virus
123
what family is hte rotavirus from
reoviridae
124
what is the MR for rotavirus
probably humans
125
what is the MT for rotavirus
PTP via contact with formites including food and water contaminated feces and possibly respiratory droplets
126
what is the Ro value for rotavirus diarrhea
17.6-19.2
127
what is the IP for rotavirus
1-3 days
128
what is the POC for rotavirus
up to 8 days
129
what are the 4 signs of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus
fever
stomach pain
vomiting and watery diarrhea
loss of appetite
130
what are the risk factors for rotaviru
age 3-35 months old
immunocompormised
children in care settings
adults caring for children
131
what seasons is it more common to contract the rotavirus
winter and spring
132
what are the two common complications of rotavirus
hospitalizations and severe dehydration
133
in canada, about ____% of all severe cases of childhood diarrhea and vomiting can be attributed to rotavirus
20
134
what is provided to children for free to prevent rotavirus
oral vacccine
| 2 attenuated live vaccines available in canada (monovalent and pentavalent)
