Unit 4 - Part 9 Introduction to Protozoa of medical importance

Question 1

what are the two main stages in the life cycle of cyst- or occyst- forming protozoa

Answer 1

trophozites

cysts or oocysts

Question 2

what is the trophozites stage

Answer 2

actie feeding stage

reproduce by binary fission

Question 3

does a protozoan produce both cysts and oocysts

Answer 3

usually produces one of the other but not both of these stages

Question 4

what are cysts

Answer 4

metabolically inactive

Question 5

what are oocysts

Answer 5

products of sexual reproduction

Question 6

can cysts and oocysts remain infective or infectious outside the host

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

are cysts and oocysts involved in reproduction

Answer 7

they can be

Question 8

oocysts and cysts are able to survive in the enviornment for a long period of time

Answer 8

yes

resistant to water, disinfectants

Question 9

what is the life cycle for trophozoites, cysts and oocysts

Answer 9

trophozite (active, feeding stage)
drying and lack of nutrients leads to early cyst wall formation
mature cyst (dormant, resting stage)
mositure and nutrients are resotred
cyst wall breaks open and trophozite is reactivated

Question 10

what two reproductive strategies are observed among protozoa

Answer 10

simple and complex

Question 11

do protozoa produce sexually or asexually

Answer 11

some reproduce only asexually while other reproduce both sexually and asexually in a more complicated life cycle

Question 12

what are the 2 modes of asexual reproduction

Answer 12

binary fission

multiple fission

Question 13

what is binary fission

Answer 13

parent cell gives rise to two daughter cells

Question 14

what is multiple fission

Answer 14

a parent cell gives rise to multiple daughter cells

Question 15

what are three other terms for parent cells

Answer 15

schizont
meront
segmenter

Question 16

what is another term for multiple fission

Answer 16

schizogony (remember schizophrenia)

Question 17

what occurs in sexual reproduction

Answer 17

fusion of gametes or gametocytes to produce zygotes

Question 18

What is the causative agent for the protozoan disease maraia

Answer 18

plasmodium spp

Question 19

what is one of the leading causes of infection-related deaths world wide

Answer 19

malaria

Question 20

what is the MR for malaria

Answer 20

humans

Question 21

what is the MT for malaria

Answer 21

female mosquits (anopheles) bites

Question 22

what is the incubation period for malaria

Answer 22

1-2 weeks

Question 23

what are the S & S or malaria

Answer 23

fever
chills
sweats
cough
diarrhea
respiratory distress
headache
shock 
renal and liver failure
pulmonary and cerebral edema 
coma and death

Question 24

are anopheles mosquitos indigenous in canada

Answer 24

no, can still contract it travelling

Question 25

how many cases of malaria are there in canada per year

Answer 25

~500

Question 26

what is the protozoan disease giardiasis also known as

Answer 26

bever fever

Question 27

what is the etiological agent for giardiasis

Answer 27

giardia lamblia

Question 28

what is the MR for giardiasis

Answer 28

humans and possibly other animals

Question 29

what is the MT for giardiasis

Answer 29

ingestion of cysts

Question 30

how does one ingest the cysts to contract giardiasis

Answer 30

water contaminated with fecal material containing cysts contaminated fingers or objects (hand-to-mouth transfer) anal-oral sexual contact

Question 31

What is the IP for giardiasis

Answer 31

3-25 days

Question 32

what are the S & S of giardiasis

Answer 32

``` chronic diarrhea abdominal cramps bloating frequent loose and pale greasy stools fatigue weight loss ```

Question 33

what is the treatment for giardiasis

Answer 33

usually self-limited | rehydration therapy and antibiotics such as metrondiazaole

Question 34

trophozites in giardiasis have what characterisitc

Answer 34

smiley face

Question 35

what is the AC for the protozaon disease crytposporidiosis

Answer 35

cryptospridium parvum

Question 36

what is the MR for the protozoan disease cryptosporidiosis

Answer 36

humans, cattle and other domestic animals

Question 37

what is the MT for the protozoan disease crytosporidiosis

Answer 37

self/auto infection commonly caused by thin-walled oocysts ingestion of oocysts via contact or from environment water and food contaminated with oocysts containing feces anal-oral sexual contact

Question 38

what usually happens with thick walled oocysts in the protozoan disease cryptosporidiosis

Answer 38

typically excreted with feces in to the environment -enhanced survival immediately infections

Question 39

what is the IP for the protozoan disease cryptosporidiosis

Answer 39

1-12 days

Question 40

what are the S&S of the protozoan disease cryptosporidiosis

Answer 40

``` profuse & watery diarrhea with abdominal cramps malaise fever anorexia vomiting ```

Question 41

what % of AIDs patients will suffer crytosporidiosis at some time during their illness

Answer 41

10-20%

Question 42

what is the treatment for for the protozoan disease cryptosporidiosis

Answer 42

rehydration therapy and antibitocis such as azithromycin

Question 43

the protozoan diseaes cryptosporidiosis creates what two types of oocysts

Answer 43

thick and thin walled

Question 44

cats and feline animals are resevoirs for what protozoan diseaes

Answer 44

toxoplasmosis

Question 45

What is the MR for the protozoan disease toxoplasmosis

Answer 45

cats and other feline animals | other animals such as cattle and rodents

Question 46

what are the definitive hosts for the protozoan disease toxoplasmosis? what are the intermediate hosts

Answer 46

definitive: cats and other feline animals (where sexual reproduction of the protozoa takes place and oocysts are produced) intermediate: rodents, cattle

Question 47

what is the MT for the protozoan disease toxoplasmosis

Answer 47

ingestion of oocysts from the fecal droppings of cat ingestion of contaminated water, undercooked raw meat transplacental infection

Question 48

congenital toxoplasmosis is one of a group of pathogens called ______ that can cause miscarriage and or serious physical and developmental damage to the fetus/newborn

Answer 48

TORCH

Question 49

What is the IP for the protozoan disease toxoplasmosis

Answer 49

5-23 days

Question 50

what are the S & S for the protozoan diesase toxoplasmosis

Answer 50

``` fever lymphadenopathy and lymphocytosis cerebritis pneumonia mycoarditis death in the immunocompromiesd ```

Question 51

what is the treatment for toxoplasmosis

Answer 51

antibiotics such as pyrimethamine or spiramycin (for pregnant woman) if needed

Question 52

what happens to the fetus in congential toxoplasmosis

Answer 52

infected fetus may suffer from birth defects and death due to damage to the brain, liver and spleen

Question 53

what protozoan disease is only transmitted by sexual activity

Answer 53

trichomoniasis

Question 54

what is the CA for the protozoan disease trichomoniasis

Answer 54

trichomonas vaginalis

Question 55

does trichomoniasis produce cysts or oocysts

Answer 55

no

Question 56

what is the MR for trichomoniasis

Answer 56

humans

Question 57

what is the MT for trichomoniasis

Answer 57

sexual intercourse

Question 58

what is the IP for trichomniasis

Answer 58

4-20 days

Question 59

is trichomoniasis sometimes asymptomatic

Answer 59

yes

Question 60

what disease does trichomoniasis coexist with in up to 40% of cases

Answer 60

gonorrhea

Question 61

are symptoms of trichomoniasis more severe in men or women

Answer 61

women

Question 62

what are the symptoms of trichomoniasis in men

Answer 62

infection of the prostate and urethra

Question 63

what are the symptoms of trichomoniasis in women

Answer 63

vaginitis charachterised by small, pinpoint, non raised, round, red strawberry like rash profuse thin, foamy greenish-yellow discharge with roul odor cervical inflammation as well as itching and buring sensation in the infected

Question 64

what is the treatment for trichomoniasis

Answer 64

metronidazole