Unit 4: Period 5 Vocab

Question 1

Manifest Destiny

Answer 1

The 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Question 2

Clipper Ship

Answer 2

American boats, built during the 1840’s in boston, that were sleek and fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers. long, narrow, wooden ships with tall masts and enormous sails. unequalled in speed and were used for trade, especially for transporting perishable products from distant countries like china and between the eastern and western united states.

Question 3

Matthew Perry

Answer 3

A Commodore of the United States Navy and commanded a number of ships. He served in several wars, most notably in the Mexican–American War and the War of 1812. He played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West “Father of the steam navy”

Question 4

Missionary

Answer 4

A person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country.

Question 5

Nativism

Answer 5

US policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Question 6

Know Nothing Party

Answer 6

1853 to 1856, whose aim was to keep control of the government in the hands of native-born citizens

Question 7

Gold Rush

Answer 7

A rapid movement of people to a newly discovered goldfield. The first major gold rush, to California in 1848–49

Question 8

Homestead Act

Answer 8

Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862, the Homestead Act encouraged Western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small filing fee and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land. (supported by free-soil and republicans, southern democrats opposed it as they fears movement of poor southerners and european immigrants west)

Question 9

Mariano Vallejo*

Answer 9

A California military commander, politician, and rancher. Shaped California from Mexico and helped gained their independence. Served in the first session of the California state senate.

Question 10

Sand Creek Massacre

Answer 10

A massacre in the American Indian Wars that occurred in 1864 when Colonel J.M. Chivington’s militia attacked and destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho in southeastern Colorado Territory, killing and mutilating an estimated 70–163 Native Americans who thought they have been promised immunity

Question 11

Little Big Horn

Answer 11

Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes vs US Army

Question 12

Minstrel Shows

Answer 12

A popular stage entertainment featuring songs, dances, and comic dialogue in highly conventionalized patterns, usually performed by white actors in blackface. It developed in the US in the early and mid 19th century.

Question 13

Compromise of 1850

Answer 13

1. California was added as free
2. End of slave trade in DC
3. Fugitive Slave Act enforced

Question 14

Kansas Nebraska Act

Answer 14

These territories would be chosen slave or free by popular sovereignty. Leads to the creation of the Republican party and Constitutional Union

Question 15

Dred Scott Decision

Answer 15

Dred Scott was a slave, therefore he had no right to sue for his freedom. The federal government basically officially said they were proslavery.

Question 16

Free Soil Party

Answer 16

They founded their party on the idea that slavery should not be expanded to the West.

Question 17

Radical Republicans

Answer 17

The Radical Republicans were a wing of the Republican Party organized around an uncompromising opposition to slavery before and during the Civil War and a vigorous campaign to secure rights for freed slaves during Reconstruction.

Question 18

Hiram Revels

Answer 18

A minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, a Republican politician, and college administrator. Born free in North Carolina, he later lived and worked in Ohio, where he voted before the Civil War.

Question 19

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 19

Changed the focus of the war from “Let’s not let America fall apart” to “Let’s abolish slavery and save a race of people.”

Question 20

Robert Smalls

Answer 20

An enslaved African American who, during and after the American Civil War, gained freedom and became a ship’s pilot, sea captain, and politician.

Question 21

Blanche Bruce

Answer 21

A U.S. politician who represented Mississippi as a Republican in the U.S. Senate from 1875 to 1881; of mixed race, he was the first elected black senator to serve a full term.

Question 22

Battle of Gettysburg

Answer 22

The Battle of Gettysburg, fought in July 1863, was a Union victory that stopped Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s second invasion of the North. More than 50,000 men fell as casualties during the 3-day battle, making it the bloodiest battle of the American Civil War.

Question 23

Wilmot Proviso

Answer 23

Designed to eliminate slavery in the territory acquired from the Mexican- American war. Would have ignored the Missouri Compromise.

Question 24

Ostend Manifesto

Answer 24

Basically said that we should take Cuba or fight Spain.

Question 25

Stephen Austin

Answer 25

“Father of Texas”, got over 300 families to come to Texas. (Anglo-American party --> independent republic)

Question 26

Aroostook War

Answer 26

Settled the boundary between Canada and the US, which was the longest unsecured border like ever.

Question 27

Winfield Scott

Answer 27

United States army general. Unsuccessful presidential candidate for Whigs in 1852. "Old Fuss and Feathers" national hero after Mexican American war. Served as military governor of Mexico City. Lost to democrat Franklin Pierce.

Question 28

John Fremont

Answer 28

American military officer, explorer, and the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of president of the US bought lost. Opposed slavery. Senator of California.

Question 29

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Answer 29

The US gets Texas, ends the Mexican- American War.

Question 30

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Answer 30

It was negotiated in response to attempts to build the Nicaragua Canal, a canal in Nicaragua that would connect the Pacific and the Atlantic. Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama.

Question 31

Gadsden Purchase

Answer 31

We paid for a little bit of land, for the specific purpose of the railroad.

Question 32

Walker Expedition

Answer 32

William Walker, a southern adventurer, tried to take Baja California from Mexico in 1853; took Nicaragua to develop a pro slavery empire but collapsed when he was killed by Honduran authorities

Question 33

Free-Soil Movement

Answer 33

Movement of the Free Soil Party. Wanted to keep slavery out of the West.

Question 34

“Bleeding Kansas”

Answer 34

Popular sovereignty in Kansas made a bunch of border ruffians and other peps come to Kansas to visit Dorothy and then they decided to vote even though that was not legally savvy. Then peps fought. Including John Brown. Basically showed the failure of the KanSASS Nebraska Act

Question 35

Lecompton Constitution

Answer 35

The second constitution drafted for Kansas Territory, was written by proslavery supporters. The document permitted slavery (Article VII), excluded free blacks from living in Kansas, and allowed only male citizens of the United States to vote.

Question 36

Pottawatomie Creek

Answer 36

Pottawatomie Massacre, (May 24–25, 1856), murder of five men from a proslavery settlement on Pottawatomie Creek, Franklin county, Kan., U.S., by an antislavery party led by the abolitionist John Brown and composed largely of men of his family.

Question 37

Popular Sovereignty

Answer 37

People can choose if they want slavery.

Question 38

Lewis Cass

Answer 38

Lewis Cass was an American military officer, politician, and statesman; father of popular sovereignty. democratic senator who proposed popular sovereignty to settle the slavery question in the territories; he lost the presidential election in 1848 against zachary taylor but continued to advocate his solution to the slavery issue throughout the 1850s.

Question 39

Crittenden Compromise

Answer 39

This was basically the South’s last offer to not fight. Wanted to keep slavery in the South and Lincoln was like “nah man I just won bc I told yalls no way.”

Question 40

Fugitive Slave Law

Answer 40

Anyone who knows of a runaway slave must turn the slave in back to their owner. North was like “da fuq?!?”

Question 41

Underground Railroad

Answer 41

Not a real railroad. Helped slaves escape slavery and go NORTH.

Question 42

Secession

Answer 42

South left the Union and formed an independent Confederate States of America

Question 43

Sumner-Brooks Incident

Answer 43

MA Senator Charles Sumner made abolitionist speech "The Crime Against Kansas" about violence with border ruffians, Brooks took offense and proceeded to beat him with a cane (famous drawing)

Question 44

Harpers Ferry Raid

Answer 44

John Brown (white abolitionists) raided a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia to initiate an armed slave revolt (1859)

Question 45

Freeport Doctrine

Answer 45

Stephen A Douglas argued that a territory had the right to exclude slavery despite previous decisions made by the Supreme Court (Freeport = 2nd Lincoln-Douglas debate)

Question 46

Stephen Douglas

Answer 46

US politician from Illinois, debated with Lincoln, designed the Kansas-Nebraska act

Question 47

Hinton Helper

Answer 47

Southern critic of slavery, published a book dedicated to the “nonslaveholding” whites in the south

Question 48

George Fitzhugh

Answer 48

social theorist during the antebellum era; argued that African Americans needed the social and economic protection of slavery

Question 49

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Answer 49

Abolitionist/ author: wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Question 50

Jefferson Davis

Answer 50

President of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War

Question 51

Greenback

Answer 51

A dollar bill; US legal tender printed with green in the back after the start of the Civil War

Question 52

Morrill Tariff Act

Answer 52

Raised tariff rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers; high protective tariffs to project industrialists.

Question 53

Morrill Land Grant

Answer 53

Grants land to be used for building universities.

Question 54

Fort Sumter

Answer 54

First battle of the Civil War. Confederate army came to try to take over Fort Sumter which started the battle.

Question 55

Stonewall Jackson

Answer 55

Confederate general under Robert E. Lee. He and his troops stood like a “stonewall” during the first battle of Bull Run.

Question 56

Anaconda Plan

Answer 56

Union Army battle plan. This plan involved choking off the main resources of the Confederate army. The Anaconda Plan had 3 main goals: To gain control of the Mississippi River which would cut the Confederacy into two parts, to blockade the Southern ports, and to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond.

Question 57

Robert E Lee

Answer 57

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force. His forces were pushed back by the Union soldiers in the battle of Gettysburg.

Question 58

Antietam

Answer 58

Small victory for the Union army, pushed back southern forces Lincoln used this to spark moral of Northern soldiers. Turning point of the war. Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation. Union soldiers now fighting to free slavery as well.

Question 59

Monitor/Merrimac

Answer 59

Ends in a draw. Union blockade of South is maintained.

Question 60

Gettysburg

Answer 60

Turning point of the war that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North. South was pushed back

Question 61

Vicksburg

Answer 61

The Battle of Vicksburg occurred on July 4th, 1863. As a result of this battle, Vicksburg, Mississippi fell to General Ulysses S. Grant and his army. After two months of siege, the Battle of Vicksburg was a turning point in the war because it gave the Union control of the Mississippi.

Question 62

Appomattox Court House

Answer 62

Virginia town where Robert E. Lee was forced to surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ultimately ending the Civil War.

Question 63

Confiscation Acts

Answer 63

Authorized the confiscation of any Confederate property by Union forces. This meant that all slaves that fought or worked for the Confederate military were freed whenever they were "confiscated" by Union troops

Question 64

13th Amendment

Answer 64

Abolishes slavery.

Question 65

14th Amendment

Answer 65

Citizenship rights and equal protection under the law.

Question 66

15th Amendment

Answer 66

Allows citizens to vote regardless of their race, color, or previous conditions of servitude. Excludes gender so women are not granted suffrage under the 15th Amendment.

Question 67

Sherman’s March

Answer 67

Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive March through Georgia. An early instance of "Total war", purposely, targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish moral and undercut the confederates war efforts.

Question 68

Trent Affair

Answer 68

Union warship stopped a British ship on way to England and arrested 2 Confederate diplomats-James Mason and John Slidell. Britain prepared for war against US-sent troops to Canada. Lincoln decided to release Confederates because he did not want to fight a two front war

Question 69

Copperheads

Answer 69

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War; Lincoln's most vicious opponents.

Question 70

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 70

After victory of Antietam, Lincoln announces for all slaves in the rebelling states would be free. Didn’t really free any slaves because the North had little-no slaves to start off and the Confederate states did not want to listen. Slaves who find out about the proclamation escaped and join the Union to take this opportunity for freedom.

Question 71

Ex Parte Milligan

Answer 71

This was an 1866 Supreme Court limiting the authority of martial law and the suspension of habeas corpus in times of war. In this case, the court declared that "martial law can never exist where the courts are open in the proper and unobstructed exercise of their jurisdiction."

Question 72

Habeas corpus

Answer 72

Civil liberty that was suspended by Lincoln in defiance of the Constitution and Supreme Court's chief justice. This was done so that anti-Unionists could be summarily arrested. All arrested were not told the reason of their arrest like they were supposed to under the Habeas Corpus.

Question 73

Civil Rights Act 1866

Answer 73

An act declaring that everyone born in the U.S. is a citizen, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of slavery. Legally forbade slavery in the United States. Passed in defense of African American rights.

Question 74

Credit Mobilier

Answer 74

The 1867-1868 scandal in which Union Pacific executives formed their own railroad construction company, then hired and overpaid themselves to build their own railroad. When it was found out that government officials were paid stay quiet about the illicit business, some officials were censured.

Question 75

Patronage

Answer 75

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Question 76

Thomas Nast

Answer 76

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians.

Question 77

Horace Greeley

Answer 77

An American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder of the Republican party, reformer and politician He helped support reform movements and anti-slavery efforts through his New York Tribune newspaper.

Question 78

Compromise 1877

Answer 78

Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South.

Question 79

Redeemers

Answer 79

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and an aggressive assault on African Americans.

Question 80

Wade-Davis Bill

Answer 80

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Question 81

Freedman’s Bureau

Answer 81

Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators

Question 82

Black Codes

Answer 82

Laws passed by southern states after the Civil War denying ex-slaves the complete civil rights enjoyed by whites and intended to force blacks back to plantations and impoverished lifestyles.

Question 83

Congressional Reconstruction

Answer 83

The second "round" of Reconstruction that began after the congressional elections of 1866 when the dominant Republicans in Congress unified and took a more radical stance (fearing that the Democrats would gain power). During this period of reconstruction, the southern states were occupied by the Union army and many steps to guarantee the rights of blacks were taken. The Radical Republicans also had Johnson impeached in 1867.

Question 84

Tenure of Office Act

Answer 84

It prohibited the president from dismissing any cabinet member or other federal officeholder whose appointment had required the consent of the Senate unless the Senate agreed to the dismissal. Johnson's violation of this act caused the impeachment crisis.

Question 85

KKK

Answer 85

The most prominent secret society organized to intimidate blacks and white reformers. founded in 1867 by an ex-confederate general, Nathaniel Bedford Forrest. The society burned black-owned buildings and flogged and murdered freedmen to keep them from exercising their voting rights.

Question 86

Force Acts 1870/1

Answer 86

Passed by Congress during the Reconstruction era to combat attacks on the suffrage rights of African Americans from state officials and violent groups (KKK); rights also stated in 14th and 15th amendments; penalties on anyone who interfered with these rights

Question 87

Scalawag

Answer 87

A term for a white Southerner in the post-civil war era who supported the Republican method of reconstruction

Question 88

Carpetbagger

Answer 88

Post cicl war, Northerners who headed to the South driven by hopes for economic gain; viewed by the south as opportunists looking to exploit and profit from the region’s misfortunes; supported the Republican Party; played a central role in shaping Southern govts.

Question 89

Thaddeus Stephens

Answer 89

(1792-1868) Radical republican in the House of Reps; a friend of free blacks and defended runaway slaves in court without fee; regarded the seceded states as conquered provinces (harsh punishment for southerners), promoted major reconstruction legislation (ex= the 14th Amendment)

Question 90

Edwin Stanton

Answer 90

(1814-1869) Secretary of War under the Lincoln administration during most of Civil War; American lawyer and politician; HELPED ORGANIZE THE MASSIVE MILITARY RESOURCES OF NORTH AND GUIDED UNION TO VICTORY

Question 91

Presidential Reconstruction

Answer 91

RECONSTRUCTION PLANS OF LINCOLN AND JOHNSON WHO BELIEVED THAT IT WAS THE EXECUTIVE POWER TO REBUILD THE SOUTH;First round of reconstruction; Lincoln set up a process for political Reconstruction; reconstructed state govts in South so Unionists were in charge rather than secessionists; full presidential pardons for most Southerners who took oath of allegiance to Union and Constitution

Question 92

Radical Reconstruction

Answer 92

Beginning in 1867 when Republicans who had control in both houses of Congress took charge of Reconstruction; passed four reconstruction acts; 1) 14th Amendment 2) write new state constitutions that guarantee freedmen the right to vote 3) form new govts

Question 93

Amnesty Act 1872

Answer 93

Removed voting restrictions and office holding disqualification against most whites who rebelled in the US Civil War, except for very high positions.

Question 94

Benjamin Wade

Answer 94

A founder of the republican party and senator from Ohio from 1851 to 1869; passionate abolitionist; pressured Lincoln throughout the Civil war to pursue harsher policies towards the South

Question 95

Civil Rights Act 1866

Answer 95

1st US federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected under the law

Question 96

Civil Rights Act 1875

Answer 96

(Enforcement Act or Force Act) federal law enacted during Reconstruction Era to guarantee African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transport, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service.