Unit 6: Period 7 Vocab Flashcards
Progressivism
A political attitude favoring or advocating changes or reform. Progressivism is often viewed in opposition to conservative or reactionary ideologies.
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Amendment passed by U.S. Congress in 1914 (under Wilson) that provides further clarification and substance to the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 on topics such as price discrimination, price fixing and unfair business practices. The Acts are enforced by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ).
Florence Kelley
Social Reformer, settlement house director, suffragist; best known for Hull House and Henry Street settlements social work, and investigations of factory exploitation, opposition to child labor, and women’s labor reform; general secretary of the National Consumers League
Federal Reserve
The act of Congress that created the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States of America, which was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson.
New Deal
President Franklin Roosevelt’s precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); a series of programs, including, most notably, Social Security, that were enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938, and a few that came later. They included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term (1933–37) of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians refer to as the “3 Rs”, Relief, Recovery, and Reform: relief for the unemployed and poor, recovery of the economy to normal levels, and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.
National Recovery Admin
A prime New Deal agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in 1933. The goal was to eliminate “cut-throat competition” by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of “fair practices” and set prices.
TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)
A federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter on May 18, 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development to the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression. The enterprise was a result of the efforts of Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska. TVA was envisioned not only as a provider, but also as a regional economic development agency that would use federal experts and electricity to rapidly modernize the region’s economy and society.
Federal Writers Project
Federal government project to fund written work and support writers during the Great Depression. It was part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a New Deal program. It was one of a group of New Deal arts programs known collectively as Federal Project Number One.
Huey Long
Populist democratic politician, he was Roosevelt’s biggest threat. Increased the share of state taxes paid by corporations (wealth redistribution), and also embarked on public works projects including new schools, highways, bridges, and hospitals; seized almost dictatorial control of the state government; believed that the New Deal was not radical enough; “The Kingfish”
SSA (social security act)
A governmental legislation created to give money to those in need. It created a federal insurance program based on the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people’s working careers.
FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)
This entity provided insurance to personal banking accounts up to $5,000. These assured people that their money was safe and secure. This agency still functions today.
Scientific Modernism
a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among the factors that shaped modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by reactions of horror to World War I.
Harlem Renaissance
black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow; leading figures of the movement included Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes.
Yiddish Theater
plays written and performed primarily by Jews in Yiddish The range of Yiddish theatre is broad: operetta, musical comedy, and satiric or nostalgic revues; melodrama; naturalist drama; expressionist and modernist plays. Satiric Plays most popular
Edward Hopper
An American realist painter who focused on the solitude and loneliness of American life. His best known piece is entitled “Nighthawks”, featuring isolated customers in an all-night diner
Red Scare
Shortly after the end of World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, the Red Scare took hold in the United States. A nationwide fear of communists, socialists, anarchists, and other dissidents suddenly grabbed the American psyche in 1919 following a series of anarchist bombings. The nation was gripped in fear. Innocent people were jailed for expressing their views, civil liberties were ignored, and many Americans feared that a Bolshevik-style revolution was at hand. Then, in the early 1920s, the fear seemed to dissipate just as quickly as it had begun, and the Red Scare was over.
Quota System
a system that was passed in 1921 that determined how many immigrants from a specific country could enter the US
Great Migration
movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
Bracero Program
(1942) Program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West. The program persisted until 1964, by when it had sponsored 4.5 million border crossings.
Luis Moreno
Argentinian. First Prosecutor of the ICC. Charged Omar al-Bashir with genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Was criticized for his decision. Lost the trial.
Turner Thesis
The historian Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier was the key factor in the
development of American democracy and institutions; he maintained that the frontier
served as a “safety valve” during periods of economic crisis.
Dollar Diplomacy
President William Howard Taft’s foreign policy was called ‘Dollar Diplomacy’. Taft sought to address international problems by extending American investment overseas, believing that such activity would both benefit the US economy and promote stability abroad.
Andrew Mellon
the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics (Hamiltonian economics) and that the economy would heal itself. He reduced spending gave tax cuts to the wealthy
League of Nations
Wilson’s 14 point peace plan, result of the Paris Peace Conference (end of World War I) , = a special council of great powers, US voted not to join because then Congress would be pulled into unwanted wars (through allies)
Isolationism
Foreign policy, staying out of foreign affairs
Washington Naval Conf.
a military conference called by U.S. President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington, D.C.. Conducted outside the auspice of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations—the United States, Japan, China, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal—regarding interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. Soviet Russia was not invited to the conference. It was the first international conference held in the United States and the first arms control conference in history. Effort to demand that the United States engage its two principle competitors in the naval arms race, Japan and Britain, in negotiations for disarmament.. Try to prevent possibility of another war after WW1
Stimson Doctrine
In 1932, the policy declared in a note to Japan and China that the US would not recognize any international territorial changes brought about by force/imperialistic. It was enacted after Japan’s military seizure of Manchuria in 1931. (treaty obligations under the Nine-Power Treaty)
Neutrality Acts
Limited US involvement in future wars (people believed that the US has been dragged into world war I through trade with allies)
Internment
Imprisonment based on political / military reasons. Japanese were placed in internment camps due to racism/fear.
Atlantic Charter
Post WW1 joint declaration by Roosevelt and Churchill; idea where every nation would abandon military alliances and spheres of influence and govern through the democratic process. No territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people, self-determination; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations.
Manhattan Project
Development of the atomic bomb during WWII
William Seward
U.S. senator and secretary of state under Abraham Lincoln. An avid opponent of slavery, he was a leading candidate for the Republican nomination in both 1856 and 1860. Later, as one of Lincoln’s closest advisers, he helped handle the difficult tasks of keeping European nations out of the Civil War. He is best known, however, for negotiating the purchase of Alaska, dubbed “Seward’s Folly” by expansion-weary opponents of the deal.
Pan-American Conference
Put together by James G Blaine (Secretary of State) meeting in 1889 to establish closer ties between the United States and Latin America. DIPLOMATIC.
Established the International Union of American Republics (Pan American Union), an international organization for cooperation on trade and other issues.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
US naval officer and historian, “most important strategist of the 19th century”. Stressed the importance of naval power to combat the rise of the British Empire
Jingoism
Extreme patriotism, (negative connotation) aggressive / warlike foreign policy
Yellow Journalism
The press used their headlines and pictures to toy with the general public’s minds. This was mainly used to fuel the Spanish- American War
Teller Amendment
This was the thing where McKinley was all like “We want to protect Cuba from the Spanish, but they won’t become part of our country.” Started Spanish American War.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Filipino leader of a guerilla war against American rule from 1899 to 1901
Insular Cases
These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.
Platt Amendment
This amendment to the new Cuban constitution authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba to protect its interests. Cuba pledged not to make treaties with other countries that might compromise its independence, and it granted naval bases to the United States, most notable being Guantanamo Bay.
John Hay
American secretary of state who attempted to preserve China’s independence and protect American interests in China. (Open Door Policy, Hay-Pauncefote Tr., Hay-Bunau Varilla Tr.)
“Big Stick” diplomacy
TR decided to be a tough guy and was all like, “I will be all fake while letting you know that I CAN DESTROY YOU. Sound good? Great.”
Roosevelt Corollary
TR was all like, “Remember the Monroe Doctrine? Ya, now the US will enforce it. If Europe be like ‘hey we want Latin America’ we will be like ‘nah fam that ain’t happening’.”
Treaty of Portsmouth
(1905) ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). It was signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize).
Gentlemen’s Agreement
California decided to be all racist and not let Japanese kids go to public school, so then Japan was like “educate our kids and we will keep other Japanese people from coming to America.”
