Unit 4 Pt. 1 Flashcards
(19 cards)
Why is there pay disparity?
Females continue to be the primary caregivers & cannot devote 16 hrs/day, 7 days/week to the company. As a result, women tend to be side-tracked to or forced to opt for roles that allow them to accommodate family responsibilities.
Why is there disparity in the corporate hierarchy?
Effective leaders are those that are deemed to be confident, assertive, + strong. Yet, when women act this way, they can be viewed as aggressive, abrasive, + uncaring. If a woman leader demonstrates more female attributes, + is collaborative, empathetic, + nurturing, she’s often considered lacking in leadership skills.
What Can Businesses do about the Gender Pay Gap?
- Getting buy-in from the top
- Create inclusive work environments
- Identifying talent + offering leadership programs
- Providing mentorship + coaching
- Embracing career flexibility
Harrassment
Any improper conduct by an individual, that is directed at and offensive to another person or persons in the workplace, and that the individual knew or ought to have reasonably known would cause offence or harm.
Respectful Workplace
Where all employees are treated fairly, difference is acknowledged + valued, communication is open + civil, conflict addressed early, & there is a culture of empowerment + cooperation.
How do we create a respectful workplace?
- Listening to others
- Equal + fair treatment
- Recognize + value diversity
- Positive communication + collaboration
- Value contributions of all employees
Why Put a Price on Carbon?
- Most efficient way to manage emissions is placing a price that reflects the social costs of the emissions
- To discourage the use of fossil fuels (coal, oil) whose combustion causes climate change
- Makes fossil fuels more expensive + encourages energy conservation, investment in low-carbon tech + rest of renewable forms of energy
How Does the Carbon Pricing Work?
- Putting a tax/fee on fossil fuel producers or users
- Cap-and-trade system where govs set limits/caps on the amount of permissible emissions
Limitations of Carbon Pricing
- Large emitters in Alberta (including oil sands operations) fall under a diff system that sets specific emission reduction goals
- If priced too high, it can lead to fraud
- If priced too low, it will not have a significant impact
- No jurisdiction has introduced an “ideal” system, thus the benefits from it will potentially be less than theory suggests
How to Use Revenue from Carbon Pricing
- To reduce other more costly taxes (ex. personal/business income tax)
- New improvement incentives for investment + entrepreneurship, which yield stronger economic growth - Some suggest investing in district energy systems, public transit, inter-city rail lines, renewable energy supply
Does Carbon Pricing Kill Jobs?
- Not yet supported by evidence
- The UK’s Climate Change Levy (a tax on industrial fuel use) has reduced the energy intensity of manufacturing by 18% w/ more measurable effect on employment
- Overall employment has increased even w/ carbon tax in Canada
How to NOT Use Revenue from Carbon Pricing
To subsidize substitutes (wind, solar) for carbon-emitting activities since the whole point is to allow the market to determine the potential substitutes.
Tax that is “Revenue Neutral”
Money raised to offset by cuts to businesses/personal income taxes + used to provide transfers to low income households who would otherwise be disadvantaged.
Perfect Competition
- MANY firms
- Standardized product
- NO control over price
- Easy entry
- No advertising
Ex. Truck farming
Monopolistic Competition
- Many firms
- Differentiated product
- Limited control over price
- Relatively easy entry
- A lot of advertising
Ex. Gas stations, t-shirts
Oligopoly
- Few firms
- Standardized or differentiated products
- Some price control w/ collusion
- Difficult entry
- A lot of advertising
Ex. Autos, breakfast cereals
Monopoly
- One firm
- Unique product w/ no close substitutes
- Almost complete price control
- Almost impossible entry
- Public relations advertising
Ex. Local utility company, diamonds
Types of Monopoly
- Natural Monopoly: cost of production lowest w/ only one producer
- Government Monopoly: gov owns+runs or permits only 1 producer
- Technological Monopoly: 1 firm owns inventions, tech, methods
- Geographic Monopoly: no other sellers in region
Promoting Competition - The Canadian Competition Act
- Both civil & criminal provisions
- Mergers are subject to review by the Competition Bureau
- Anti-competitive agreements between competitors violate the Act
- Dominant positions in the market place are not illegal by itself, but activities that abuse that dominance may be
- Establishes ground rules for truthful advertising
