Unit 4 - Review

Question 1

1902

Answer 1

Genes are gaining acceptance as a concept

Question 2

1930 - Boveri and Sutton

Answer 2

Established the chromosome theory (drosophila)

Question 3

1952 - Hershey and Chase

Answer 3

Proved that DNA not protein is the information carrier

Question 4

1953 - Watson and Crick

Answer 4

Proposed the double helix

Question 5

Chromosome

Answer 5

Combination of DNA and protein

Question 6

Histone

Answer 6

Protein around which DNA is wound (thick spool)

Question 7

Nucleotide

Answer 7

A unit of DNA consisting of: a nitrogen base, a sugar, a phosphate

Question 8

Purine

Answer 8

A nitrogen base consisting of 2 rings - Adenine (DNA, RNA) and Guanine (DNA, RNA)

Question 9

Pyrimidine

Answer 9

A nitrogen base consisting of 1 ring - Cytosine (DNA, RNA), Thymine (DNA), and Uracil (RNA)

Question 10

Who bonds with who?

Answer 10

A=T (makes 2 bonds)
G=_C (makes 3 bonds)

Question 11

DNA polymerase

Answer 11

The enzyme that copies DNA to DNA

Question 12

Conservative method

Answer 12

One daughter cell gets both original strands and the other daughter cell gets both new strands (this is the wrong one because one is entirely new DNA, and the other is made of old DNA strands)

Question 13

Semi-conservative method

Answer 13

Each daughter cell gets one original and one copied strand (this one is the right one)

Question 14

Protein synthesis

Answer 14

DNA to proteins - three types of RNA: mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Question 15

Transcription

Answer 15

DNA to RNA
1. Happens in the nucleus
2. DNA is copied to mRNA (the copy of DNA that goes out of the Nucleus)
3. RNA polymerase - the enzyme that copies DNA to RNA

Question 16

Translation

Answer 16

RNA to Amino Acid sequence
1. Happens in the cytoplasm
2. Ribosome - the thing that translates RNA into Amino Acids
3. Codon - a section of DNA that codes for a particular amino
4. Anti-codon - the complementary part of tRNA which binds to the mRNA
-tRNA - transfer RNA brings an amino acid to the mRNA/ribosome complex
-rRNA - ribosomal RNA - RNA is part of the ribosome

Question 17

Template

Answer 17

“Original” from which a copy is made

Question 18

Exon and Intron

Answer 18

RNA editing (keep exons, toss introns)

Question 19

Frame shift mutations

Answer 19

-Messes up ALL successive codons
-Insertion- mutation where a nucleotide is added
-Deletion- mutation where a nucleotide is removed

Question 20

Mutation

Answer 20

An uncorrected change in the DNA which remains

Question 21

Substitution mutation

Answer 21

Mutation where nucleotide is replaced - only messes up ONE codon

Question 22

Interphase (Mitosis)

Answer 22

The period of time that the cell spends growing and going about ordinary business (not dividing) this includes copying the DNA

Chromosomes are indistinguishable (can’t see them)

Question 23

Mitosis

Answer 23

Produces 2 identical cells which have not only the same amount of DNA but precisely the same chromosomes (2 copies of each gene)

Question 24

Meiosis

Answer 24

Produces 4 cells which each have only one half of the DNA of the original cell (one copy of each chromosome; one copy f each gene)Process by which gametes (sex cell) are formed

Question 25

Chromatid

Answer 25

One of a pair of copies of a chromosome that separate during cell division (body of information)

Question 26

Centriole

Answer 26

Tiny organelle that acts as an anchor for the chromosomes during Mitosis (animal cells only)

Question 27

Polar fibers

Answer 27

Extend from one centriole to the other (act as scaffolding)

Question 28

Kinetochore fibers

Answer 28

Extend from the centrioles to the chromatids (and move the chromatids)

Question 29

Centromere

Answer 29

The place where the kinetochore fibers attach to the chromosomes

Question 30

Kinetochore

Answer 30

Moves the chromosomes: 1. Builds to move them to the middle before Metaphase 2. Breaks them down to pull them apart during anaphase

Question 31

Cell plate

Answer 31

Forms in plants as part of cytokinesis

Question 32

Prophase (Mitosis)

Answer 32

-Chromosomes become distinct -Nuclear membrane breaks down -Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell

Question 33

Metaphase (Mitosis)

Answer 33

-Spindle fibers from between the centrioles -Chromosomes line up between the centrioles -Centromeres form a line across the middle of the cell

Question 34

Anaphase (Mitosis)

Answer 34

-Chromosomes split at the centromere -The Kinetochores (part of the centromere) break down the fibers and so the chromatids move toward the centrioles

Question 35

Telophase/Cytokinesis (Mitosis)

Answer 35

-The chromatids reach the centrioles -The nuclear membrane reforms -Spindle fibers dissolve -Cytokinesis- the rest of the cell punches in half

Question 36

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 36

Same chromosome different parent

Question 37

Synapsis

Answer 37

When homologous chromosomes put up into tetrads

Question 38

Tetrad

Answer 38

Group of two sets of chromatids (during synapsis)

Question 39

Crossover

Answer 39

When parts of chromatids are exchanged (during prophase 1)

Question 40

Meiosis 1

Answer 40

Separate the homologous chromosomes

Question 41

Prophase 1

Answer 41

Looks exactly like prophase in mitosis except that crossover exists

Question 42

Anaphase 1

Answer 42

The centromeres DO NOT DIVIDE. The chromosomes move to opposite poles intact

Question 43

Telophase 1

Answer 43

The nuclear membranes do not usually reform

Question 44

Cytokinesis 1

Answer 44

The cytoplasm divides

Question 45

Meiosis 2

Answer 45

Separate the chromatids

Question 46

Prophase 2

Answer 46

Chromosomes recoil if they uncoiled during telophase 1, the spindle fibers form

Question 47

Metaphase 2

Answer 47

The chromosomes line up like normal (mitosis)

Question 48

Anaphase 2

Answer 48

The centromeres DO divide. The chromatids move to opposite poles

Question 49

Telophase 2

Answer 49

The nuclear membranes reform

Question 50

Cytokinesis 2

Answer 50

The cytoplasm divides

Question 51

Diploid

Answer 51

Cell with the normal compliment of chromosomes (body cells)

Question 52

Haploid

Answer 52

Cell with half the normal compliment of chromosomes (gametes)

Question 53

Gametes

Answer 53

Sex cells that have only one copy of each chromosomes (sperm and eggs)

Question 54

Down syndrome

Answer 54

Three 21’s

Question 55

Turner’s syndrome

Answer 55

X only

Question 56

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer 56

XXy

Question 57

Poly syndrome

Answer 57

y

Question 58

Males

Answer 58

Meiosis results in 4 equal cells

Question 59

Females

Answer 59

Meiosis results in one Ootid that’s has almost all of the cytoplasm and 3 polar bodies that disintegrate