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AP Psychology > Unit 4- Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Unit 4- Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

the way we take in information from the world around us

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2
Q

Perception

A

the way that we can process the information taken in through our senses

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3
Q

Bottom up processing

A

small details to big picture

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4
Q

top down processing

A

big picture and ignore small details

ex. scrambled letters

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5
Q

Selective Attention

A

the idea that our brain focuses its perception on what it believes to be most important at the time

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6
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

in a crowded space we will switch our attention to alert us to information that pertains to us
ex. name call

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7
Q

psychophysics

A

study of science behind how our senses work

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8
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

smallest amount of sensory stimulus that we can perceive

ex. candle 30 miles out

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9
Q

signal detection theory

A

idea that absolute threshold is dependent on many factors

e. experience, motivation, attention

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10
Q

subliminal messages

A

pieces of sensory information that exists below threshold

ex. primes but doesnt force

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11
Q

difference threshold

A

smallest amount we need to increase or decrease of a sense in order to notice the difference

ex. change in volume of music

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12
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The difference depends on a percentage range of the overall sensory stimulant
ex. by 10%

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13
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

after perceiving a sense for an extended period of time we no longer notice it
ex. house no longer smells

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14
Q

Wavelength

A

effects the color visible to the eye

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15
Q

Optic Nerve

A

branch of neurons that connect our eye to our brain

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16
Q

Fovea

A

center for cones

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17
Q

retina

A

reflective covering of the back of the eye that contains rods and cones

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18
Q

Iris

A
  • muscle
  • colored
  • contracts and expands to light
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19
Q

pupil

A

hole that allows the light and image to enter the eye

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20
Q

cornea

A

protective covering of the eye

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21
Q

Lens

A

disk that changes shape to reflect the image into our eye

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22
Q

Blind Spot

A

where the optic nerve connects to the retina

small gap with no nerves

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23
Q

Rods

A

Receptors on ur Retina that help u see

Black & White/ Dark/ Peripheral

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24
Q

Cones

A

Color/ Light/ Central

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25
Feature Detectors
neurons in the occipital lobe that allows us to see angles, shapes, and movement
26
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
we see color because of 3 main color cones in our retina
27
Opponent Process Theory
color vision depends on opposing sets in the OCCIPITAL LOBE
28
Pinna
- outer ear | - collects sound
29
Ear Canal
passageway
30
Ear Drum
membrane that vibrates to amplify sound
31
3 tiny bones
hammer, anvil, stirrup
32
hammer, anvil, stirrup purpose
amplify sound
33
frequency of sound waves determines
the pitch
34
Semi circular canal
balance
35
auditory nerve
connects to brain
36
transduction
when a sensory message is turned into a neural message
37
Cochlea
filled with fluid and hair transduce sound
38
Frequency Theory
perception of pitch is determined by the speed that the sound waves travel down the auditory nerve cant explain high pitch because neuron cant fire fast enough
39
Volhelmholtz place theory
the pitch that we hear is determined by the sound waves striking the cochlea cant explain low pitch location hitting is hard to measure
40
Conduction Hearing Loss
damage to the outer or middle ear, thus causing sound to not be loud enough (after born-damage, etc)
41
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
problems with the inner ear (cochlea and auditory never) born with
42
Cochlear inplants can fix what type of hearing loss
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
43
Inner ear
chochlea and auditory nerves
44
Coetaneous and Tactile
touch
45
touch receptors respond to
pressure pain temp
46
Gate Control Theory
needs to have a certain amount of small fibers, sensory receptors r activated to open the large sensory receptors (brain, spine)
47
Taste
Gustatory Sense
48
5 tastes and reasons
``` sweet- energy (glucose) sour-spoiled salty- sodium (neuron firings) bitter- poison umami-protein ```
49
Smell
Olfactory Sense
50
Sensory Interaction
when 2 sense r strongly impacted by one another | taste/smell....smell/memory
51
Kinesthesis sense
sense of where body parts r when in relation to eachother
52
vestibular sense
overall sense of body position and balance
53
Proprioceptors
special neurons that allows us to sense our body position
54
illusions
mistakes in perception usually because of our expectations, experience, or top down processing
55
Perceptual Set
when our experience or expectation affects what we perceive | (mouse or face)
56
color constancy
we tend to assume that colors remain constant, even when they appear differecnt b/c of the lighting
57
Gestalt
idea that our brains will create an image that makes sense or looks complete ex. horse
58
Similarity
grouping together similar things | column
59
closure
brain tends to finish images | open triangles
60
proximity
tends to group things that are similar to one another | vertical lines
61
connectedness/ continuity
our brain understands that an object continues
62
Visual Cliff
BABIES CAN PERCEIVE DEPTH
63
Monocular cues
need one eye
64
Interposition
when we know an object is closer to us because it blocks all other objects behind it
65
visual texture
objects that r closer to us have greater amounts of visual detail
66
Binocular Cues
needs 2 eyes
67
Retinal Disparity
when one eye percieve an image slightly different then the other, but then they blend the 2 together = greater depth perception ex. thumb
68
what helps with depth perception
retinal disparity
69
Eleanor Gibson and richard walk
visual cliff
70
Ernest Weber
WEBER's LAW
71
Herman von Helmholtz
Young–Helmholtz theory
72
phi phenomenon
optical illusion of perceiving a series of still images, when viewed in rapid succession, as continuous motion.
73
Perceptual constancy
tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite the stimuli changes that occur
74
extrasensory perception
sixth sense or second sight
75
parapsychology
study concerned with the investigation of paranormal and psychic phenomena ex. near death
76
hearing
auditory
77
middle ear
3 bones
78
parallel processing
the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming different stimuli
79
cornea
outermost layer
80
Accommodation
changes optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies

AP Psychology (11 decks)

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