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Microbiology > Unit 4 - Spirochaetaceae and Leptospira > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Spirochaetaceae and Leptospira Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the shape of organisms in the order Spirochaetales?

A

flexous, helically coiled, spiral organisms

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2
Q

What are the two families of importance in the order Spirochaetales?

A

Leptospiraceae and Spirochaetaceae

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3
Q

Leptospiraceae and Spirochaetaceae are collectively referred to as __________.

A

spirochetes

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4
Q

What are spirochetes made up of (their parts)?

A

protoplasmic cylinder, cell wall, periplasmic flagella, and outer sheath

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5
Q

What is the protoplasmic cylinder composed of?

A

the cytoplasm and the cytoplasmic membrane of the organism

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6
Q

What surrounds the protoplasmic cylinder in spirochetes?

A

the cell wall

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7
Q

One to one hundred _______ are present on all spirochetes.

A

flagella

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8
Q

What are the flagella of the spirochetes connected to and what is the attachment site called?

A

the protoplasmic cylinder - the basal insertion plate or disc

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9
Q

True or False: If there were to be a cross section at the middle of a spirochete there would be two times as many flagella than at the end.

A

TRUE

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10
Q

What does viscotaxis mean?

A

the ability to move through rather viscid substrates such as 1% agar and intestinal mucus

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11
Q

What is found in the outer sheath of spirochetes?

A

LPS

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12
Q

True or False: The flagella are contained outside of the outer sheath of spirochetes

A

FALSE

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13
Q

Are sprirochetes gram negative or positive?

A

negative - but they do not stain well with the gram stain

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14
Q

What is the basic taxonomic unit of the genus Leptospira?

A

serovar - the serovar name is capitalized

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15
Q

What are the common serovars of Leptospira interrogans?

A

Icterohemorrhagiae, Canicola, Pomona, Autumnalis, and Bratislava

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16
Q

What are the common serovars of Leptospira noguchii?

A

Pomona

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17
Q

What are the common serovars of Leptospira borgpetersenii?

A

Hardjo

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18
Q

What are the common serovars of Leptospira kirschneri?

A

Grippotyphosa

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19
Q

What is the morphology of Leptospires.

A

they are motile, spiral rods with one or both ends hooked

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20
Q

What is the outermembrane of Leptospira covered by?

A

a slime

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21
Q

What is the best way to visualize Leptospira?

A

with darkfield microscopy

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22
Q

What conditions, in regards to oxygen, does Leptospira prefer?

A

microaerophilic conditions

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23
Q

What does Leptospira utilize for carbon and energy services?

A

long chain fatty acids and alcohols

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24
Q

What is typically added to media to bind Leptospira to serum or albumin?

A

Vitamin B1 or B12

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25
What can Leptospira utilize as nitrogen sources?
ammonium salts
26
What virulence factors does Leptospira have?
viscotaxis and cytotoxin
27
Where is Leptospira most commonly found?
in hot and humid climates
28
What is the natural habitat for most serovars of Leptospira?
the proximal convoluted tubule
29
How is Leptospira transmitted?
by direct contact with urine or indirectly through urinary contamination of food, water, or soil
30
In the environment, especially moist and warm ones, what can Leptospira survive in?
ponds and other small bodies of water
31
What is the most common route of entry of Leptospira?
through penetration of mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth, nose, genitalia, or abraded skin - possibly through water-softened intact skin
32
True or False: Venereal transmission of Leptospira is possible.
TRUE
33
What is the pathogenesis of leptospirosis largely dependent on?
whether an animal host is a maintenance host or an incidental host
34
What is the difference between maintenance hosts and incidental hosts of Leptospira?
maintenance hosts often do not become clinically ill or are only minimally ill whereas incidental hosts can develop a high fever and become acutely ill
35
Where does primary multiplication of leptospires occur and what is the duration of this event?
in the liver - 4-7 days
36
Post infection, where do leptospira localize?
the kidney, brain, lung, and possibly other tissues where antibody does not have ready access
37
Which hosts are responsible for long-term shedding and the maintenance of leptospirosis in a population?
the maintenance host
38
In incidental hosts, how does leptospira manifest as?
vascular damage, hepatitis with jaundice, acute nephritis followed by chornic nephritis, abortions, and meningitis
39
How can Leptospira cause abortion?
it enters the placenta through maternal circulation and migrates to the fetus
40
Abortion usually occurs when the animal is infected with Leptospira in what trimester?
the third
41
What Leptospira serovar are rats reservoir hosts of?
Icterohaemorrhagiae
42
What Leptospira serovar are dogs reservoir hosts of?
Canicola
43
What Leptospira serovar are raccoons reservoir hosts of?
Grippotyphosa
44
What Leptospira serovar are cattle reservoir hosts of?
Hardjo
45
What Leptospira serovar are swine reservoir hosts of?
Pomona
46
What clinical signs/syndromes does Leptospira cause in cattle?
abortion, still births, weak calves, low fertility syndrome, milk drop syndrome, hemolytic anemia, icterus, and hemoglobinuria
47
What common serovars cause bovine leptospirosis?
Hardjo-bovis, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, and Icterohaemorrhagiae
48
What species is swine leptospirosis' clinical manifestation similar to?
bovine
49
What common serovars are associated with swine leptospirosis?
Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and possibly Bratislava
50
If sheep get leptospirosis, what clinical syndrome/lesions are associated with it?
abortions and occasionally hemolytic anemia
51
What Leptospira serovars are common in sheep?
Pomona
52
What Leptospira serovars are common in goats?
Pomona, Icterohemorrhagiae, and grippotyphosa
53
What clinical signs/syndromes are associated with leptospirosis in horses?
abortions, still births, weak foals, periodic opthalmia (moon blindness)
54
What Leptospira serovars are associated with equine leptospirosis?
Pomona
55
What percentage of horses develop anterior uveitis if infected with Leptospira?
fifty percent
56
What clinical signs/syndromes does Leptospira cause in dogs?
acute hepatitis, acute/chronic nephritis, meningitis, and pulmonary vasculitis
57
What Leptospira serovars have historically been the most common cause of disease in dogs?
Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae
58
What species appear to not be susceptible to leptospirosis?
cats and birds
59
In humans, leptospirosis is an _________ hazard.
occupational
60
What clinical signs/syndromes are associated with human leptospirosis?
fever, chills, headache, aching muscles, icterus, and stiff neck, respiratory distress due to pulmonary hemorrhage, nausea and vomiting, anuria, rashes, conjunctivitis, meningeal irritation, and hepatic or renal failure in severe cases
61
How do you diagnose leptospirosis?
Microscopic agglutination test (MAT), PCR, ELISA, Culture, darkfield, silver staining, and flourescent antibody test
62
How long do leptospira cultures need to be incubated to identify the infecting serovar?
18-24 days
63
What do bacterins for leptospirosis protect against?
clinical disease but not against infection
64
Post-immunization or post-infection immunity is primarily ______ mediated and protection is generally ____-lived.
humorally, short
65
How is leptospirosis treated?
ampicillin or penicillin to kill systemic organisms followed by tetracycline or doxycycline to kill the remaining population

Microbiology (50 decks)

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