Unit 4 Vocab. Flashcards
(214 cards)
0
Q
Abduction
A
Movement away from the midline
1
Q
Abdominal cavity
A
Contains stomach, small intestine, part of large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen
2
Q
Adduction
A
Movement toward the midline
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Q
Adipose tissue
A
Fat
4
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Afferent nerves
A
Sensory nerves, carries impulses into brain and spinal cord (up)
5
Q
Amphiarthrosis
A
Little motion in joints
6
Q
Amount of blood in a human
A
4-6 quarts for average adult
7
Q
Anatomic position
A
How the body is positioned so it can be used as a reference when describing certain body parts
8
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of the structure do an organism
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Q
Anterior
A
Before or in front of
10
Q
Aorta artery
A
Largest artery in body, carries blood away from heart
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Aortic valve
A
Flap or cusp located between the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta
12
Q
Apnea
A
Absence of respirations; temporary cessation of respirations
13
Q
Arachnoid membrane
A
Middle delicate layer of meninges, allows blood vessels to pass through
14
Q
Arteries
A
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
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Q
Arterioles
A
Smallest branch of artery; vessel that connects arteries to capillaries
16
Q
Axon
A
Part of neurons that carry messages away from the soma (nerve cell body)
17
Q
Basophils
A
Part of body’s inflammatory response, produce histamine, a vasodilator, and heparin (white blood cell)
18
Q
Biceps brachii
A
Muscle in upper arm, flexes lower arm and supinates hand
19
Q
Bicuspid valve
A
Mitral valve, between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart
20
Q
Biology
A
The study of life, in this case the anatomy of a human
21
Q
Bradycardia
A
Slow heart rate, usually between 60 beats per minute
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Q
Buccal cavity
A
Mouth
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Capillaries
A
Tiny blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules and allow for exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and body cells
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Cardiac muscle
Involuntary muscle, in heart, pumps blood throughout body
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Cardiac sphincter
Circular muscle between the esophagus and stomach, closes after food enters the stomach and prevents food from going back up into the esophagus
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Carotid artery
Carry blood to the head and neck and all the structures within them
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Cataract
Condition of the eye where the lens becomes cloudy or opaque, leading to blindness
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Cellular respirations
When cells use oxygen and nutrients to produce energy, water, and carbon dioxide
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Centrosome
Area of cell cytoplasm that contains two centrioles, important in the reproduction of the cell
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Cerebellum
Section of the brain that is dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata; maintains balance and equilibrium, 2nd largest section of brain
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Cerebrum
Largest section of the brain (60% of weight), involved in sensory interpretation and voluntary muscle activity, made of lobes and hemispheres
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Cervix of uterus
Entrance to/lower part of uterus
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Chromatin
Contains chromosomes and genes, carrying inherited characteristics
34
Cilia
Hairlike projections
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Ciliary body
In eye, produces the aqueous humor and maintains lenses
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Circulatory system
Cardiovascular, consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood - transports oxygen and nutrients to cells, transports carbon dioxide and metabolic materials away from cells, produces cells to fight infection
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Circumduction
Moving in a circle at a joint, or moving one end of a body part in a circle while the other end remains stationary
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Cirrhosis
Chronic liver disease that causes inflammation, degeneration of cells, and the thickening of the tissue
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Clotting proteins
.
40
Cochlea
Snail-shaped section of the inner ear; contains the organ of Corti for hearing
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Color of blood
Red
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Conjunctiva
Mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the anterior part of the sclera of the eye
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Connective tissue
Body tissue that connects, supports, or binds body organs
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Contractility
Ability of a muscle to shorten
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Contracture
Tightening or shortening of a muscle, stays in a locked position
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Cornea
The transparent section of the sclera; allows light rays to enter the eye
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Coronal plane
Frontal plane, divides body into a front half (ventral) and a back half (dorsal)
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Coronary artery
Arteries surrounding and supplying the heart
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Cranial cavity
Skull; contains the brain
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Deltoid
Muscle covering the front, side, and back of the shoulder
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Dendrite
Part of neuron that carries messages to the soma (nerve cell body)
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Diaphysis
The shaft, or middle section, of a long bone, filled with yellow marrow
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Diarthosis
Movable joints (aka synovial)
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Diastolic
Heart at rest, normal pressure in arteries
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Diencephalon
Section of brain between the cerebrum and midbrain; contains the thalamus and hypothalamus -- controls nervous system, temp., water, appetite, sleep, and blood
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Digestive system
Digests food physically and chemically, transports food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates wastes
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Distal
Most distant or farthest from the trunk (center or midline)
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Dorsal
Pertaining to the back, the back of
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Dorsal cavity
Posterior cavity, houses brain in cranial cavity and spinal cord in spinal cavity
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Dura mater
Outside layer of meninges, very protective of brain
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Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing
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Efferent nerves
Motor nerves, carry impulses out of brain and spinal cord (down)
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Ejaculatory ducts
In male, duct or tube from the seminal vesicle to the urethra
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Elasticity
Ability of a muscle to recoil to normal length
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Embolus
A blood clot or mass of material circulating in the blood vessels
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Endocrine system
Produces and secretes hormones to regulate body processes
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Endoplasmic reticulum
Network of tubular structures in the cytoplasm of a cell; allows for the transport of materials in and out of the nucleus and aids in the synthesis and storage of a protein
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Endosteum
Membrane lining the medullary canal (inside) of a bone
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Eosinophils
Remove toxins and defend the body from allergic reactions by producing antihistamines(white blood cell)
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Epididymis
Tightly coiled tube in the scrotal sac; connects the testes with the vas or ductus deferens
71
Epilepsy
Chronic disease of the nervous system characterized by motor and sensory dysfunction, sometimes accompanied by convulsions and unconsciousness
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Epiphysis
The end or head at the extremity of a long bone, filled with red marrow
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Epithelial tissue
Tissue that forms the skin and parts of the secreting glands, and that lines the body cavities
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Erythrocytes
Red blood cells (RBC)
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Excitability
Irritability, muscle response to a stimuli
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Extensibility
Ability of a muscle to stretch beyond normal
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Extension
Increasing the angle between two parts; the straightening of a limb
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External respirations
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and bloodstream
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Factors influencing BP
Force of heartbeat, arterial resistance,material elasticity, amount of blood, position, excitement, anxiety, exercise, eating, pain, obesity, smoking, drugs, sleep, shock, dehydration, hemorrhage, fasting
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Factors influencing temperature
Body process speed, time of day (lower in morning, higher in evening), illness, infection, exercise, excitement, starvation/fasting, sleep, mouth breathing
81
False ribs
Pairs 8, 9, and 10 of ribs, attach to rib pair 7
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Fascia
Fibrous membrane covering, supporting, and separating muscles; thin layer of fat
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Femoral artery
Arteries in the legs/thighs
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Flexion
Decreasing the angle between two parts; bending a limb
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Floating ribs
Pairs 11 and 12 of ribs
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Fontanels
Area between the cranial bones where the bones have not fused together; "soft spots" in the skull of an infant
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Frontal plane
Divides body into a front (anterior, ventral) and back half (posterior, dorsal)
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Function of bile
Aides in digestion
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Functions of thrombocytes
Help in the clotting of blood
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Fundus of uterus
Top section of the uterus, where the Fallopian tubes attach
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Gastrocnemius
Chief muscle of the calf of the leg, flexes the knee and the foot
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Gluteus maximus
Muscle in buttocks, extends and rotates thigh, is an injection site
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Golgi apparatus
Structure in the cytoplasm of a cell that produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell
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Hard palate
Bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth
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Hemiplegia
Paralysis on one side of the body
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Hemoglobin
The iron-containing protein of the red blood cells; serves to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
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Inferior
Below or under
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Insertion
End or area of a muscle that moves when the muscle contracts
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Integumentary system
Skin and its structures, called a membrane/organ/organ system, protects body from injury, infection, and dehydration - regulates body temp., eliminates some waste, and produces vitamin D
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Internal respirations
Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissue cells and the bloodstream
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Involuntary muscles
Muscles that are independent and not controlled by choice (heart)
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Iris
Colored portion of the eye; composed of muscular, or contractile, tissue that regulates the size of the pupil
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Joints
Articulations, or areas where two bones meet or join
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Lateral
Pertaining to the side
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Latissimus dorsi
Muscle from spine around to chest, extends and adducts upper arm
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Left atrium
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
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Left ventricle
Receives blood from left atrium and pumps it into the aorta for transport to the body cells
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Lens
Crystalline structure suspended behind the pupil of the eye; refracts or bends light rays onto the retina
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Leukocytes
White blood cells (WBC)
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Ligaments
Fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
111
Linings of uterus
Endometrium (takes care of fertilized ovum), myometrium (muscle layer), perimetrium (serous membrane)
112
Lymphatic system
Carries some tissue fluid and wastes to blood, assists with fighting infection
113
Lymphocytes
Provide immunity for the body by developing antibodies; protect against the formation of cancer cells
114
Lysosome
Structures in cytoplasm of a cell that contains digestive enzymes to digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign matter
115
Medulla oblongata
Lower part of brainstem; controls vital processes such as respiration and heartbeat
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Medullary cavity
Also Medullary Canal, center of a bone filled with yellow marrow
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Meninges
Membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
118
Midbrain
The portion of the brain that connects the pons and cerebellum; relay center for impulses, eye reflexes
119
Midsagittal plane
Imaginary line drawn down the mid-line of the body to divide the body into a right side and a left side
120
Mitochondria
Structures in a cell that provide energy and are involved in the metabolism of a cell
121
Mitral valve
Flap or cusp between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart
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Muscle tissue
Body tissue composed of fiber to produce movement
123
Muscle tone
State of partial muscle contraction providing a state of readiness to act
124
Myelin
Increases the rate of impulse transmission in neurons, also insulates and maintains the axon
125
Neurilemma
Thin sheath around a nerve axon
126
Neuron
Nerve cell, born with certain number, can't touch each other
127
Neutrophils
Phagocytize bacteria by secreting an enzyme called lysozyme
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Nucleolus
Spherical body in the nucleus of the cell that is important in the reproduction of the cell
129
Olfactory receptors
Receptors in the nose that send signals to the brain to determine smells
130
Orbital cavity
Houses eyes
131
Order of large intestine
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
132
Organ of corti
Cells in the cochlea of the ear, which carries impulses to brain
133
Organelle
Structures in the cytoplasm of a cell, including nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus
134
Origin
End or area of a muscle that remains stationary when a muscle contracts
135
Ovaries
Endocrine gland or gonad that produces hormones and the female sex cell, or ovum
136
Pancreas
Gland that is dorsal to the stomach; secretes insulin and digestive juices
137
Paraplegia
Paralysis of the lower half of the body
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Parasympathetic system
Rest state of the autonomic nervous system
139
Pathophysiology
Study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease processes
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Pectoralis major
Muscle in upper chest, adducts and flexes upper arm
141
Pelvic cavity
Pelvis area below the abdominal region and near the sacrum and hip bones, houses hips, bladder, and reproductive organs
142
Perineum
Region between the vagina and anus in the female and between the scrotum and anus in the male
143
Peripheral pulse sites
Carotid (neck), brachial (crease of elbow), radial (inner wrist), femoral (inner thigh), popliteal (behind knee), Dorsalis pedis (top of foot arch)
144
Pharyngeal tonsils
Small mass of lymphatic tissue at back of the nasal cavity, swelling can block breathing
145
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
146
Physiology
The study of the processes or functions of living organisms
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Pia mater
Thin layer of meninges that wraps the brain and provides it with everything it needs
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Pinocytic vesicle
Pocket-like folds in the cell membrane, allow large molecules to enter the cell
149
Platelets
Blood cell required for the plotting of blood
150
Pleura
A serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity
151
Pons
The portion of the brainstem that connects the medulla oblongata and cerebellum to the upper portions of the brain -- controls chewing, tasting, and respirations
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Posterior
Toward the back; behind
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Proximal
Closest to the point of attachment or area of reference
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Pulmonary valve
Flap or cusp between the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary artery
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Pupil
Opening or hole in the center of the iris of the eye; allows light to enter the eye
156
Pyloric sphincter
A circular muscle between the stomach and small intestine, keeps food in the stomach until the food is ready to enter the small intestine
157
Pyrexia
Fever
158
Quadriceps femoris
Muscle in front of the thigh, extends leg and is an injection site
159
Quadriplegia
Paralysis below the neck; paralysis of arms and legs
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Rectus abdominus
Muscle in ribs to pelvis, compresses abdomen and flexes vertebral column
161
Red marrow
Soft tissue in the epiphyses of long bones
162
Respiratory system
Breathes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
163
Retina
The sensory membrane that lines the eye and is the immediate instrument of vision, contains the cones, rods, and lens
164
Right atrium
Receives blood as it returns from the body cells
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Right ventricle
Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps blood into the pulmonary artery, which carries blood back to the lungs for oxygen
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Risk factors of hypertension
Family history, race (higher in African Americans), obesity, stress, smoking, aging (higher in postmenopausal women), diet high in saturated fat
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Rotation
Movement around a central axis; turning or twisting motion
168
Rugae
Folds in the mucous membrane lining the stomach, allow vagina to enlarge during childbirth and intercourse
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Salivary amylase
.
170
Salivary glands
Glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive juice
171
Sartorius
Muscle in front of the thigh, abducts thigh and flexes leg
172
Sclera
White outer coat of the eye, maintains shape of eye
173
Scrotum
Double pouch containing the testes and epididymis in the male individual
174
Semicircular canal
Structures in the inner ear that are involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium
175
Seminal vesicles
One of two saclike structures behind the bladder and connected to the vas deferens in the male individual; secretes thick, viscous fluid for semen
176
Sinuses
Cavities or air spaces in bones; reduce weight and warm/humidify air
177
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary muscle, provide movement and heat; produce 60% of body heat! maintain posture, and protect internal organs
178
Skeletal system
Made of 206 bones, frame for muscles/fat/skin, protects internal structures, produce blood cells in red marrow
179
Smooth muscle
Visceral, involuntary muscles, inside of organs like stomach, bladder, and uterus; produce movement by peristalsis or segmentation, allows things to be held, requires a lot of energy
180
Somatic system
Controls the voluntary muscles, part of the nervous system, consists of efferent nerves
181
Spinal cavity
Protected by vertebrae, houses spinal cord
182
Sternocleidomastoid
Muscle in the side of the neck, turns and flexes the head
183
Structure of Fallopian tubes
Attached to upper part of the uterus, 5 inches long, Fimbriae (finger-like projections) before tubes, Fallopian tube uses muscle layers to move egg, cilia in tubes help move egg
184
Superior
Above or higher than
185
Sympathetic system
Allows body to respond to stress and emergencies, part of autonomic nervous system, fight or flight response
186
Synarthrosis
Non-movable joints
187
Systolic
Measurement of when heart is pumping bloods into arteries (pressure) during periods of work, which force the heart muscles to contract
188
Tachycardia
Fast/rapid heartbeat (usually more than 100 beats per minute in an adult)
189
Tendon
Fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones
190
Testes
Gonads or endocrine glands that are located in the scrotum of the male and that produce sperm and male hormones
191
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity; contains heart, lungs, etc.
192
Thoracic vertebrae
12 vertebrae that attach to ribs (middle of vertebrae)
193
Thrombocytes
Aka platelet, blood cell required for blood clotting
194
Thrombophlebitis
When a vein becomes inflamed and a blood clot forms as a result of it
195
Tibialis anterior
Muscle in the front of the lower leg, flexes and inverts the foot
196
Transverse plane
Imaginary line drawn through the body to separate it into a top half and a bottom half
197
Trapezius
Muscle in upper back and neck, extends head and moves shoulder
198
Triceps brachii
Muscle in upper arm, extends and abducts lower arm
199
Tricuspid valve
Flap or cusp between the right atrium and right ventricle in the heart
200
True ribs
First 7 pairs of ribs, attach to sternum by costal cartilage
201
Urinary system
Filters blood to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body, produces and eliminates urine
202
Varicose veins
Swollen veins
203
Vas deferens
Ductus deferens, tube that carries sperm and semen from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct in the male body
204
Veins
Blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart
205
Ventral
Front or anterior part of the body
206
Ventral cavity
Thoracic, Abdominal, and Pelvic cavities; chest down to reproductive area
207
Ventricles
Hollow chambers filled with fluid in the nervous system, cerebral spinal fluid absorbs shock, carries nutrients, and removes waste
208
Venules
Smallest type of vein, connects capillaries and veins
209
Vestibule
Small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal
210
Villi
Tiny projections from a surface; in small intestine, aid in the absorption of nutrients
211
Voluntary muscles
Muscles that are controllable
212
Ways to take temperature
Oral, rectal, Axillary (armpit), aural (ear), temporal (artery in front of head)
213
Yellow marrow
Soft tissue in the diaphyses of long bones
