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Developmental psychology > Unit 4.2: The First Two Years of Life (Part 2) > Flashcards

Unit 4.2: The First Two Years of Life (Part 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of relationship is attachment theory focused on?

A

attachment relationship

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2
Q

What is attachment?

A

a strong and enduring affectionate bond or emotional tie we have with other people

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3
Q

Does the quality of provided care necessarily determine whether or not an attachment relationship develops?

A

no, but it determines its quality

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4
Q

Can a child form multiple attachment styles?

A

yes

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5
Q

What is the attachment system and what is its goal?

A

innate motivation system, believed to be activated when an individual is distressed
-> achieve and maintain availability of attachment figure as safe base

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6
Q

What’s another name for internal operating models and what do they help with?

A

expectations
predicting caregiver’s behavior

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7
Q

John Bowlby’s attachment theory is regarded as one of the landmark theories of developmental psychology. Where did Bowlby draw his ideas from and why does it suggest, that the tendency to form attachments is a biological trait?

A

Psychoanalysis, evolution, ethology
promotes adaptation and survival (helps satisfy needs)

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8
Q

What did Bowlby discover, when researching the reason for isolation, emotional distancing and interpersonal difficulties?

A

consequence of early mother-child bond ruptures

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9
Q

Bowlby renamed the period between 6 months and 3 years from critical to sensitive period. Why?

A

this is the timeframe, during which it is the easiest to develop an attachment style (afterwards it is highly difficult)

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10
Q

Which ethological concept was the critical period derived from?

A

imprinting

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11
Q

Imprinting (Konrad Lorenz)

A

newborns recognize and seek proximity with first object they encounter
-> promotes survival

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12
Q

Which are the systems included in the attachment system?

A

behavioral system (e.g. following)
motivational system (maintains proximity to attachment figure)

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13
Q

Which implications do secure and insecure attachment have on the perceived self-worth?

A

secure: self deserves love, other is loving and attentive
insecure: self is worthy of rejection, other is unavailable

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14
Q

Why is the caregiver’s role as a safe base necessary for child development?

A

allows child to safely explore and learn
infant can return in moments of distress

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15
Q

What does attachment promote and what does it thus get activated by?

A

proximity
-> activated by separation

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16
Q

Why does the development of attachment depend on the cognitive and physical development of the infant?

A

needs to be able to recognize and distinguish caregiver from others

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17
Q

monotropism

A

idea that any child only forms a strong attachment to one person

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18
Q

separation protest

A

behaviors to prevent caregiver’s departure

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19
Q

stranger anxiety

A

wariness and fear of unfamiliar people

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20
Q

Are babies able to distinguish the caregiver from others at 2 months old?

A

no

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21
Q

When do children begin to recognize the caregiver? Is this skill fully developed yet?

A

2-7 months
no, lacks object recognition
-> comforted by presence of caregiver but no separation anxiety

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22
Q

When do stranger anxiety, separation protest and proximity seeking begin to be clearly developed?

A

starts at 7 months
increasingly clear at 2 years

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23
Q

How does attachment change in year 3 and what develops then?

A

abstract, internal representation
trust and understanding of the needs of others

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24
Q

maternal deprivation

A

prolonged disruption in attachment to mother figure
may result in illness, abandonment or institutionalization

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25
What's the name of the notion that maternal deprivation leads to negative outcomes later in life?
maternal deprivation hypothesis
26
William Goldfarb studied variables in 30 children that were given up by mothers before 9 months (half to foster care, half institutionalized until 3.5 years). Which children showed worse abilities and were more restless, less popular and needier?
institutionalized children
27
What conclusion did Goldfarb draw from his study?
institutionalization and lack of attachment with caregiver as defining factors
28
Bowlby suggested, that adequate care can correct disruptive effects. When does this have to occur?
before 2.5 years of age
29
What's another experiment performed on the maternal deprivation hypothesis (Harlow and Zimmermann)?
rhesus monkeys in isolated cages -> lack of attachment can cause psychological harm
30
Which fields did Bowlby's theory impact (apart from scientific research)?
perception of child rearing and parenting social policy parenting education
31
Can environmental enrichment later in life compensate for effects of maternal deprivation?
yes
32
Tizard and Hodges found, that children institutionalized during the sensitive period that were later adopted showed normal development between 4.5 - 16 years. They also found, that those adopted between 4 and 7 could develop a secure attachment, with the right care. What can thus be concluded about the effects of institutionalisation?
are not as rigid as originally thought -> can be mitigated
33
What did Mary Ainsworth focus on, with regard to child attachment?
communication between mother and child
34
Strange Situation Study/ Strange Situation Procedure (SSP)
formal study of parent and child separation and reunification
35
How was the SSP constructed?
7 phases (3 mins) natural interactions between mother and child observed through one way mirror or camera
36
Who was studied in the SSP?
children between the ages of 1 & 2
37
What are the scales used during assessment of the SSP?
Proximity and contact seeking Contact maintaining Avoidance of proximity and contact Resistance to contact and comfort Search behavior
38
Phase 1 (SSP)
Parent and child play in room with toys
39
Phase 2 (SSP)
Stranger enters room and sits down (1 min) talks to parent (1min) plays with child (1min)
40
Phase 3 (SSP)
Parent leaves stranger plays with child, then sits back on chair
41
Phase 4 (SSP)
Parent returns (reunion) stranger leaves
42
Phase 5 (SSP)
Parent leaves room child alone
43
Phase 6 (SSP)
Stranger enters room and tries to settle child
44
Phase 7 (SSP)
Stranger leaves and parent returns (second reunion)
45
How would a child with secure attachment act during the SSP?
Stages 1,2 and 4: uses parent as safe basis to explore & returns when distressed (stranger enters, stranger anxiety) Stages 3,5 and 6: distressed and seeks parent (separation protest) reunion should restore sense of safe base
46
What are characteristics of Type B (secure) attachment and how common is it?
trust in attachment figure (safe base) Desire for proximity and maintenance preference of mother over stranger Can find some comfort in stranger during absence of mother, but mother is preferred 44-60%
47
What are characteristics of Type A (insecure-avoidant) attachment and how common is it?
child ignores and avoids parents upon reunion Lack of desire for proximity treats stranger and mother in similar way Lack of distress during separation 14-15 %
48
What are characteristics of Type C (insecure-resistant/ ambivalent/ preoccupied) attachment and how common is it?
Child is clingy to mother in new situation and doesn't want to explore Distressed when parent leaves, can't be settled down during reunion more frustration 8-11 %
49
Why are children with Type C attachment ambivalent?
pleased to see mother when reunited simultaneously rejects parent in anger
50
What do Type A and C attachment reflect?
child's unwillingness to use parent as safe base
51
What are characteristics of type D (disorganized) attachment, who discovered it and how common is it?
Mary Main Lack of consistent behavioral patterns No standard response to stress of separation and reunion uncertainty as to how to use caregiver as safe base 5-15 % general population (28-30% clinical)
52
The SSP has high ecological validity. What does this mean for its results?
can be generalized
53
Why is Ainsworth's SSP criticized?
SSP may not reflect complete degree of attachment between child and caregiver, as children are often left in care of others
54
What is attachment security founded on, according to Ainsworth?
sensitivity of parent in first year of life
55
Working Model of Attachment
early experiences that influence how adults cope with stress and provide nurturance to offspring
56
What does the adult attachment interview (AAI) describe?
describes quality of relationships with parents in different situations, with focus on stressful moments
57
Which correlations did the AAI reveal? And are children with insecure attachment destined to remain so?
Attachment in infancy and adulthood Attachment category of parents and children no (insecurely attached parents can also raise children with secure attachment)
58
Which type of development does language acquisition follow?
universal sequence of development
59
When do symbolic functions (like verbal language) begin to appear?
towards the end of the sensorimotor period (15-18 months)
60
What is language characterized by?
a great distance between signifier and signified
61
What are the fields of linguistics?
Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantic Pragmatic
62
What is baby talk, motherese or child-directed speech characterized by?
higher pitch simple words and grammar slower speech exaggerated emotional tone
63
What is the purpose of child directed speech?
to encourage learning and communication
64
When do proto-conversations appear and what are they?
0-9 months interactions without dialogue
65
Protos
behaviors of the human species with same function as linguistic signs without words triangulation between child, adult and object
66
protoimperatives/ imperative gestures
9 months child points at object with intention of obtaining it
67
Protodeclarative/ declarative gestures
12 months Child points at or touches object to share attention with adult directs attention to objects
68
When does babbling appear and what happens towards 12 months with regards to babbling?
6 months begins to sound like infant's native language (accents, etc.)
69
When do infants begin to understand that words have meaning and when can they understand them (despite not being able to use them yet?
12-13 months 12-17 months
70
What are the phases of language acquisiton?
Prelinguistic period (0-12 months) Holophrase Period (12-24 months) Word combination period (> 24 months)
71
When do children utter their first words?
around 12 months
72
How quickly does an infants vocabulary grow after 12 months?
1 word per week
73
What develops faster? Comprehension or speech production?
Comprehension
74
How do children initially communicate?
holophrases: using a single word to express a complete, meaningful thought
75
When does the naming explosion occur and what is it?
18 months sudden increase in infant's vocabulary
76
When does grammar become essential for the child and why?
18-24 months two-word combinations
77
What is grammar?
different methods of communicating word order, prefixes, intonation, etc.
78
What is grammar proficiency correlated with?
length of sentences
79
Mean length of utterance (MLU)
average number of words in the infant's sentences measures language progress
80
What is the learning perspective on language?
language is learnt (no innate aspect) children imitate sounds they were previously exposed to (depending on reinforcement) -> parents shape language by showing approval and positive regards after particular utterances
81
What is the nativist perspective on language?
learning doesn't account for all aspects of language everyday language tends to be incoherent (so imitations should be incoherent as well) -> suggestion of the Language acquisition device by Chomsky (LAD)
82
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
ability to detect regularities existing in everyday speech
83
Which hemisphere seems to be more important for language?
left hemisphere
84
Broca's area
one of the first areas responsible for language that were discovered responsible for speech production -> Broca's aphasia: speech in short, broken sentences in left frontal lobe
85
Wernicke's area
responsible for language comprehension -> Wernicke's aphasia: speech lacks meaning
86
What is the interactionist perspective on language?
language development as result of interaction between social and biological factors

Developmental psychology (9 decks)

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