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AP Human Geography > unit 5 > Flashcards

unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Agribusiness

A

Agribusiness. Definition: Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

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2
Q

Agricultural Health

A

Agricultural safety and health is an aspect of occupational safety and health in the agricultural workplace.

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3
Q

Agricultural Landscapes

A

AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE. the land that is used to farm on and what is chosen to put on the fields.

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4
Q

Agriculture

A

Agriculture. The raising of animals or the growing of crops on tended land to obtain food for primary consumption by a farmer’s family or for sale off the farm.

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5
Q

Agrosystem

A

An agroecosystem is the basic unit of study in agroecology, and is somewhat arbitrarily defined as a spatially and functionally coherent unit of agricultural activity, and includes the living and nonliving components involved in that unit as well as their interactions.

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6
Q

Aquaculture

A

Explanation: “Aquaculture” is the name given to all farming and rearing of fish and marine plants that does not fall under the category of fishing

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7
Q

Aquifers

A

Aquifers. Subterranean, porous, water-holding rocks that provide millions of wells with steady flows of water.

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8
Q

Bid-rent theory

A

The bid rent theory is a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases.

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9
Q

Biodiversity

A

Biodiversity. The number of different species within a specific habitat. Biomass fuel. Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste.

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10
Q

Biotechnology

A

The term “biotechnology” is applied to any technological innovation that is designed to improve the usefulness of plant and animals species for human agricultural purposes.

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11
Q

Boserup’s Theory

A

Esther Boserup is a famous agricultural geographer. Her theory is based on the premise that population growth is a positive force in agricultural innovation, that it drives technology forward.

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12
Q

Cash Crop

A

A “cash crop” is an agricultural crop that is purposely made strictly to be sold in a market environment for as much money as possible.

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13
Q

Central business district (CBD)

A

Explanation: The central business district (CBD) is where a large amount of businesses are located.

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14
Q

Climate regions

A

Climatic region refers to a continuous geographic area in which similar climate characteristics are observed.

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15
Q

Clustered settlement

A

Clustered rural settlement. a rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.

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16
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

Columbian Exchange. The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages.

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17
Q

Commercial Agriculture

A

Commercial Agriculture: A form of agriculture undertaken in order to generate products for sale off of the farm in order to make a profit

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18
Q

Commodity Chain

A

Definition. Commodity chain. Series of links connecting the main places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market.

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19
Q

Contour Plowing

A

Contour Plowing. An agricultural technique in which plowing and harvesting are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land, in order to prevent erosion. Crop Rotation.

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20
Q

Crop

A

crop. Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.

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21
Q

Crop rotation

A

Crop rotation: The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.

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22
Q

Dairying

A

dairying. an agricultural activity involving the raising of livestock, most commonly cows and goats, for dairy products such as milk, cheese, and butter. domestication.

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23
Q

Debt-For-Nature Swaps

A

Debt-for-nature swap. When agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the ocuntry will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources.

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24
Q

Deforestation

A

Deforestation is the destruction of forest or forested areas by human or natural means.

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25
Desertification
The term “desertification” is used to describe the process by which previously fertile lands become arid and unusable for farming.
26
Dispersed settlement
dispersed settlement pattern. A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.
27
Domestication
Domestication is the process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use.
28
Double-cropping
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Double Cropping.
29
Dual Agricultural Economy
Dual Economy. The existence of two separate economic sectors within one country, divided by different levels of development, technology, and different patterns of demand.
30
Economy of Scale
Economies of scale are the reduction in the per unit cost of production as the volume of production increases
31
Enclosure System
individual farm houses lying far apart; Midwestern U.S. enclosure. process of taking over and fencing off land once shared by peasant farmers. erosion.
32
Extensive agriculture
extensive agriculture. yields a large amount of output per acre through less intensive farming (uses a large amount of land) intensive subsistence agriculture. a form of subsistence agriculture where farmers expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum crop yield. extensive subsistence agriculture.
33
Fair Trade
Fair trade is a concept used in developing countries to help create sustainability.
34
Farm Subsidies
An agricultural subsidy is a government incentive paid to agribusinesses, agricultural organizations and farms to supplement their income, manage the supply of agricultural commodities, and influence the cost and supply of such commodities.
35
Feedlot
Feedlots. Places where livestock are concentrated in very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing; often referred to factory farms.
36
Fertile Crescent
The Fertile Crescent is a region of land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East (much of modern day Iraq, Syria, and Jordan
37
First Agricultural Revolution
The First Agricultural Revolution was the transition from hunting and gathering to planting and sustaining.
38
Food Deserts
Food deserts are areas with little or no access to healthy and affordable food or limited or no access to fresh fruits and vegetables.
39
Food Insecurity
People who do not know where their next meals are coming from are called “food insecure.”
40
Food Security
“Food security” is a term used by agricultural geographers to refer to the ability of a population or a social community to reliably access enough nutrition to survive and flourish.
41
Foragers
hunter-gatherer, also called forager, any person who depends primarily on wild foods for subsistence.
42
Genetically Modified Organisms
The acronym GMO stands for “Genetically Modified Organism.” It is used in common parlance to refer to a crop whose genetic structure has been altered to make it more useful and efficient for human purposes
43
Global Supply Chains
global supply chains. the continuous buying and selling of goods and services, covers all the steps needed to get a good or service from supplier to consumer.
44
Grain
Grain. Definition: Seed of a cereal grass
45
Green Revolution
The Green Revolution was a response to an exponential increase in the global human population (from 2.5 billion in 1950 to 6 billion in 2000) and advances in technology that allowed for the mass production of chemical fertilizers (e.g. the development of the Haber-Bosch process).
46
Horticulture
Horticulture. Definition: The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
47
Hybrid
At their most basic, hybrid geographies are places, organisms, or other entities that cannot or should not be readily characterized by any single category
48
Infrastructure
infrastructure. the basic structure or features of a system or organization. comparative advantage
49
Intensive agriculture
intensive agriculture. a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.
50
Intertillage
INTERTILLAGE. In shifting cultivation, spreads out production over the farming season by planting different crops in the same field. PASTORALISM.
51
Linear settlement
inear rural settlements comprise buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications.
52
Market gardening
Market Gardening – The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local.
53
Mediterranean agriculture
Mediterranean Agriculture. Agriculture practiced in areas with a Mediterranean climate; mostly horticulture
54
Milkshed
A milkshed refers to an area surrounding the milk source (dairy farm) where milk is supplied without spoiling.
55
Mixed crop and livestock systems
Mixed crop and livestock farming. Both animal and crops are farmed in the same area. Neolithic Revolution
56
Monocropping
Monocropping is the agricultural practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land, in the absence of rotation through other crops or growing multiple crops on the same land (polyculture).
57
Monoculture
Explanation: The term “monoculture” is used to describe the deliberate cultivation of only one single crop in a large land area
58
Nomadic herding
nomadic herding. the continual movement of livestock in search of forage for animals.
59
Paddy
Paddy. Definition: Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah.
60
Pastoral Nomadism
Pastoral Nomadism. A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.
61
Pasture
pasture. grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing. intensive subsistence agriculture.
62
Plantation agriculture
Plantation agriculture is defined by the production of one or more usually cash crops on a large swathe of land. It is most common in tropical climates where cash crops generally grow more naturally.
63
Precision Agricultural
Precision agriculture (PA), satellite farming or site specific crop management (SSCM) is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter and intra-field variability in crops.
64
Ranching
Explanation: The term “ranching,” particularly in reference to American agriculture refers to a type of commercial farming in which the livestock (usually cattle) is allowed to roam over an established area.
65
Reservoirs
A reservoir is an artificial lake where water is stored
66
Ridge-Tilling
Ridge-Tilling. System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation. Rural Settlement.
67
Sanitization
Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and ' treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.' Preventing human contact with feces is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with soap
68
Sawah
sawah. A flooded field for growing rice. seed agriculture. Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization.
69
Second Agricultural Revolution
The Second Agricultural Revolution, also known as the British Agricultural Revolution, took place first in England in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. ... It involved the introduction of new crop rotation techniques and selective breeding of livestock, and led to a marked increase in agricultural production.
70
Shifting cultivation
Shifting Cultivation. Definition: A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another
71
Slash and burn
“Slash-and-burn” agriculture involves burning a portion of forest so that the soil there can be used for agricultural purposes.
72
Spring Wheat
spring wheat. Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer. subsistence agriculture
73
Subsidy
Subsidy. a government payment that supports a business or market. Subsistence Agriculture.
74
Subsistence agriculture
Subsistence agriculture. Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family.
75
Suburbanization
Suburbanization is a population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation of (sub)urban sprawl.
76
Sustainable Agriculture
Sustainable Agriculture. Definition: Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution,
77
Swidden
Swidden. A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
78
Tariffs
Tariffs. Taxes on items leaving or entering a country, often used to raise the price of imported goods.
79
Terracing
terrace farming. usually used in hilly of mountainous landscapes to create flat land areas to store water and allow crops to dig in soil.
80
Third Agricultural Revolution
The Third Agricultural Revolution involved hybridization and genetic engineering of products and the increased use of pesticides and fertilizers.
81
Transhumance
Transhumance, form of pastoralism or nomadism organized around the migration of livestock between mountain pastures in warm seasons and lower altitudes the rest of the year.
82
Truck Farm
Truck Farming. Definition: Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.
83
Undernourishment
Undernourishment a dietary energy consumption continuously below minimum requirement for maintaining healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.
84
Vertical Integration
vertical integration. Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution.
85
Von Thunen Model
The Von Thunen Model attempts to differentiate between land use patterns based on the different scales of agricultural production
86
Wet Rice
Wet rice. Rice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.
87
Wetlands
A wetland is an area of land that is either covered with water or saturated with water. Unique plants, called hydrophytes, define wetland ecosystems.
88
Winnow
winnow. To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind. winter wheat. Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the summer.
89
Winter Wheat
To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind. winter wheat. Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the summer.

AP Human Geography (7 decks)

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