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AP Human Geography > unit 7 > Flashcards

unit 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

African City Model

A

zoning. dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc.

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2
Q

Annexation

A

Annexation describes the political process of extending national sovereignty over a new piece of land

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3
Q

Basic Industries

A

Basic Industries. Definition: Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement

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4
Q

Blockbusting

A

Blockbusting: A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood.

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5
Q

Boomburb

A

A boomburb is defined as a municipality of more than 100,000 people that has been growing at a double-digit pace for three consecutive decades and that is not the major city of any metropolitan area.

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6
Q

Borchert’s Epochs

A

Borchert’s epochs refer to five distinct periods in the history of American urbanization and are also known as Borchert’s model of urban evolution

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7
Q

Brownfields

A

Brownfields are defined by the United States government as “real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant”

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8
Q

Central Business District

A

Explanation: The central business district (CBD) is where a large amount of businesses are located.

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9
Q

Central Place Theory

A

The “central place theory” states that in any given region there can only be one large central city, which is surrounded by a series of smaller cities, towns, and hamlets.

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10
Q

City-State

A

an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs

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11
Q

Clustered Rural Settlement

A

Clustered rural settlement. a rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.

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12
Q

Concentric-Zone Model

A

Concentric Zone Model. Burgess’ concentric zone model is a description of the process of urban growth that views the city as a series of circular areas or zones, each characterized by a different type of land use that developed from a central core.

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13
Q

Consumer Services

A

Consumer Services. Definition: Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and education, health, and leisure services.

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14
Q

De Facto Segregation

A

De Facto Segregation. Racial segregation that happens by fact rather than by legal requirement.

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15
Q

Density Gradient

A

Density Gradient. Definition: The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.

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16
Q

Disamenity Zones

A

Disamenity Sectors (or zones) - the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to city services

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17
Q

Dispersed Rural Settlement

A

Dispersed rural settlement. A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

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18
Q

Ecological Footprint

A

The simplest way to define ecological footprint would be to call it the impact of human activities measured in terms of the area of biologically productive land and water required to produce the goods consumed and to assimilate the wastes generated.

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19
Q

Economic Base

A

economic base. the manufacturing and service activities preformed by the basic sector; functions of a city preformed to satisfy demands external to the cirty itself, earning income to support the urban population.

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20
Q

Edge City

A

The city exists on the fringes of a larger city and acts as a regional hub for recreation, business, or other commercial activity for the suburban population of the larger city.

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21
Q

Eminent Domain

A

Eminent Domain. The authority of a government to take private property when doing so serves the publics interests

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22
Q

Environmental Injustice

A

Environmental injustice happens when people are disproportionately impacted by environmental factors because of discrimination

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23
Q

Exurb

A

Exurb. The small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city. Counterurbanization. Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

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24
Q

Filtering

A

Filtering. A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner to abandonment.

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25
Food Desert
Food deserts are places where residents have limited access to healthy food
26
Galactic City Model
The galactic city model represents a city with growth independent of the CBD that is traditionally connected to the central city by means of an arterial highway or interstate.
27
Gentrification
Gentrification. A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.
28
Greenbelts
Greenbelt. Definition: A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.
29
Hierarchy of Services
hierarchy of services. This is how places are ranked within the urban hierarchy--it is based on what services are available
30
Hinterland
Hinterland, also called Umland, tributary region, either rural or urban or both, that is closely linked economically with a nearby town or city.
31
Inclusion Zoning Laws
Inclusionary Zoning. Specifies inclusions within a development, such as a playground or that a percentage of homes must be affordable for low-income families.
32
Infill
material that fills or is used to fill a space or hole.
33
Land Tenure
Land tenure is the relationship, whether legally or customarily defined, among people, as individuals or groups, with respect to land.
34
Latin American City
Latin American (Griffon-Ford) City Model. Combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones.
35
Market Area
The market area is the area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted.
36
Megacity
Explanation: A “megacity” is a city that has a very large, and growing, population.
37
Megalopolis
A megalopolis is formed when when urban expansion results in an overlap in development by cities in close proximity to one another, resulting in a network of high-density human settlements.
38
Metacity
Metacities are a large cluster of Megacities that have a population of greater than 20 million people.
39
Metropolitan Area
Metropolitan Statistical Area. defined by the U.S Bureau of Statistic. a central country or counties with at least one urbanized area of at least 50,000 people plus adjacent outlying counties with a large number of resident who commute into the area.
40
Mixed-Use Development
Mixed-use Development. development that combines housing and businesses in one area. Inner City Challenges. crime and gang activity are major challenges. Sprawl.
41
Mixed-Use Zoning
"Mixed-use" describes a land development containing two or more major types of uses (typically including residential, commercial, office, and institutional), each of which should attract a significant market share in its own right.
42
Multiple-Nuclei Model
Explanation: A Multiple-Nuclei Model city is a city that does not have one central area, but instead has several nodes that act as regional centers for economic or residential activity within one larger city.
43
New Urbanism
“New Urbanism is a planning and development approach based on the principles of how cities and towns had been built for the last several centuries: walkable blocks and streets, housing and shopping in close proximity, and accessible public spaces. In other words: New Urbanism focuses on human-scaled urban design.
44
Nodes
Node. a central point in a functional culture region where functions are coordinated and directed
45
Non-basic Industry
non-basic industries. Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community.
46
Periodic Market
Periodic Markets. When small vendors from all around meet up at a certain location to sell goods sometimes weekly and sometimes annually (Farmers Market) Nucleated Settlement.
47
Peripheral Model
Peripheral Model. A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.
48
Primate City
A primate city is the dominant city among a country's urban areas.
49
Public Housing Project
Public Housing. Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to low-income residents,
50
Range (of service)
Range (of a service) Definition: The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
51
Rank-Size Rule
Explanation: The rank size rule states that the largest city in a given country will have of the population of the largest city in that country
52
Redlining
Redlining. A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.
53
Regional Planning
Regional planning deals with the efficient placement of land-use activities, infrastructure, and settlement growth across a larger area of land than an individual city or town.
54
Rush Hour
Rush Hour. Definition: the four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic.
55
Sector Model
The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, is a model of urban land use proposed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt.
56
Settlement
In geography, statistics and archaeology, a settlement, locality or populated place is a community in which people live.
57
Slow-Growth Cities
slow-growth cities. urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse affects of sprawl.
58
Smart-Growth Policies
smart growth. covers a range of development and conservation strategies that help protect our health and natural environment and make communities more attractive, economically stronger, and more socially diverse. sustainable design initiatives and environmental benefits.
59
Southeast Asian City Model
-The Southeast Asian City Model is similar to the Latin American (Griffin-Ford) City Model in that they each feature high-class residential zones that stem from the center, middle-class residential zones that occur in inner-city areas, and low-income squatter settlements that occur in the periphery.
60
Sprawl
Sprawl. Definition: Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area
61
Squatter Settlements
Sprawl. Definition: Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area
62
Suburb
Suburb. Residential communities, located outside of city centers, that are usually relatively homogeneous in terms of population.
63
Threshold (of service)
Threshold. The minimum number of people needed to support the service. High threshold places need to have a high range.
64
Transportation-Oriented
Transit Oriented Development (TOD) A mixed-use residential and commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport.
65
Development
Development geography is a branch of geography which refers to the standard of living and its quality of life of its human inhabitants
66
Underclass
Underclass. A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics.
67
Urban Area
An urban area is the region surrounding a city
68
Urban Growth Boundary
Urban Growth Boundary. Geographical boundaries placed around a vity to limit suburban growth within that city.
69
Urban Renewal
Urban Renewal. Definition: Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.
70
Urban Sprawl
Urban sprawl, also called sprawl or suburban sprawl, the rapid expansion of the geographic extent of cities and towns, often characterized by low-density residential housing, single-use zoning, and increased reliance on the private automobile for transportation.
71
Urbanization
Urbanization is the process through which cities grow, and higher and higher percentages of the population comes to live in the city.
72
Walkability
Walkability is a measure of how friendly an area is to walking.
73
World Cities
Definition. World city. Dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy: center of the flow of information and capita
74
Zone in Transition
Explanation: The Transition Zone is characterized as industrial and typically dominated by manufacturing facilities.
75
Zones of Abandonment
zone of abandonment. areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons. disamenity. the lack of desirable features in a place or city.
76
Zoning
zoning. dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc.

AP Human Geography (7 decks)

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