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BEH 5042 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Positivism

A

Knowledge comes from objective observations and data

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2
Q

Positivism on epistemological positions

A

All are inadequate

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3
Q

Interpretivism

A

Knowledge comes from subjective observations and qualitative data

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4
Q

Interpretivism is the opposite of

A

Positivism

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5
Q

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

A

Measuring/observing something changes what’s observed

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6
Q

Heisenberg uncertainty principle:
Can’t be certain about

A

Knowledge derived from data

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7
Q

Scientific skepticism

A

Suspend judgment until evidence verifies the claim

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8
Q

Scientific skepticism: The position is

A

Scientifically acceptable

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9
Q

Cynicism retains

A

Incredulity despite evidence

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10
Q

Cynicism: The position is

A

Scientifically unacceptable

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11
Q

Subjective observation:

Influenced by

A

Observer’s inherent biases

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12
Q

Objective observation:

Works to

A

Minimize the observer’s inherent biases

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13
Q

Unsystematic observation

A

Informally noticing everyday life phenomena

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14
Q

Systematic observation

A

Formalized inspection of phenomena governed by rules

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15
Q

Naturalistic systematic observation

A

Observe phenomena without manipulating the IV

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16
Q

Controlled systematic observation

A

Observe phenomena while manipulating the IV

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17
Q

Obtrusive AKA

A

Intrusive

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18
Q

Obtrusive observation

A

What is being observed is aware of the observer

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19
Q

Unobtrusive observation

A

Technique to minimize observer influences over behavior

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20
Q

Direct observation

A

Measuring actual behavior

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21
Q

Indirect observation

A

Measuring some “index” of the actual behavior

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22
Q

Accuracy:

Observations correspond to

A

True values

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23
Q

Validity:

Observations correspond to

A

Established criterion

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24
Q

Reliability:

Observations correspond to

A

One another

25
Q

Nonexperimental science

A

Observation without variable manipulation

26
Q

Experimental science

A

Observation with variable manipulation

27
Q

Mill’s method of agreement

A

Isolates variables common to different situations

28
Q

Mill’s method of difference

A

Isolates dissimilar variables in similar situations producing different outcomes

29
Q

Mill’s joint method of agreement and difference: Part 1

A

Isolates possible causal variables using method of agreement

30
Q

Mill’s joint method of agreement and difference: Part 2

A

Manipulates variables using method of difference

31
Q

Mill’s method of concomitant variation: What happens?

A

1 phenomenon changes because of another

32
Q

Mill’s method of concomitant variation:
When something changes

A

1 is the cause or effect of the other

33
Q

Multiple causation:
More than 1 cause is either

A

Necessary but not sufficient or vice versa

34
Q

Historical causation:

Causes are either (2)

A

1) Temporally distal
2) Result of ambiguous conditioning histories

35
Q

Reductionism

A

Reduce phenomenon into its component parts

36
Q

Holism

A

See the whole organism, object, or event

37
Q

Molar reinforcement theory:

Behavior is best understood as

A

Aggregate actions across time

38
Q

Molecular reinforcement theory:

Behavior is best understood through

A

Contiguous stimulus-response-stimulus events

39
Q

Interpretivism AKA

A

Anti-positivism

40
Q

Heisenberg uncertainty principle AKA

A

Principle of Uncertainty

41
Q

Types of systematic (formal) observation (2)

A

1) Naturalistic
2) Controlled

42
Q

Modes of systematic objective observation (2)

A

1) Obtrusive
2) Unobtrusive

43
Q

Tools of systematic objective observation (2)

A

1) Nonhuman instruments
2) Human instruments

44
Q

Trustworthiness of observations: Considerations (3)

A

1) Accuracy
2) Validity
3) Reliability

45
Q

Mill’s methods: Method of (4)

A

1) Agreement
2) Difference
3) Agreement/difference
4) Concomitant variation

46
Q

Essentialist vs. Hume:

Essentialist’s position

A

Causes are in the organism

47
Q

Essentialist vs. Hume:

Hume’s position

A

Causes are in the environment

48
Q

1

Hume’s rules for inferring causation:

A

Cause precedes effect

49
Q

2

Hume’s rules for inferring causation:

A

Cause and effect are contiguous in time

50
Q

3

Hume’s rules for inferring causation:

A

Cause and effect are contiguous in space

51
Q

4

Hume’s rules for inferring causation:

A

Consistent covariation between cause and effect

52
Q

5

Hume’s rules for inferring causation:

A

Cause produces reliable effect

53
Q

Functional relation:

Amenable to

A

Pragmatists

54
Q

Functional relation refers to

A

Covariations

55
Q

Cause and effect:

Amenable to

A

Realists

56
Q

Cause and effect refers to

A

Absolute

57
Q

Holism AKA

A

Anti-reductionism

58
Q

Behavior analysis: Levels of explanation (2)

A

1) Molar
2) Molecular

BEH 5042 (9 decks)

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