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ANATOMY 2300 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Body Cavities

A

Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity

Thoracic cavity
pleural cavities - lung
Pericardial cavity - heart
Mediastinum

Abdominopelvic
Separated by diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

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2
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A

Viscera lined with serous membrane
Parietal layer - lines cavity walls
Visceral Layer - lines organ surfaces
Serous fluid to reduce friction

Parietal/visceral peritoneum - abdominopelvic cavity

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3
Q

Nervous system

A

Central Nervous system
Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system
Sensory: Afférent
Motor : Efférent

Somatic: skeletal muscle, touch, temp, pain
Autonomic : Smooth, cardiac muscle, glands, sensory for organs
Sympathetic(flight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest & digest)

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4
Q

Somatic

A

Effect skeletal muscle (voluntary)
One neuron system
Acetylcholine excitatory transmitter

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5
Q

Autonomic

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle and glands
Two neuron system: presynaptic, and post synaptic
Pre synaptic neuron - acetylcholine, excitatory
postsynaptic neuron - varies between sympathetic (norepinephrine, epinephrine) and parasympathetic (acetylcholine)
Excite and inhibit

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6
Q

Division of autonomic

A

Sympathetic, thoracolumbar region
Parasympathetic, brainstem 3,7,9,10 and sacral

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7
Q

Sympathetic

A

Origin of neuron cell body- thoracolumbar region of spinal cord
Fiber length, presynaptic short postsynaptic long
Ganglia close to spinal cord
Sympathetic chain, prevertebral and collateral ganglia

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8
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Brain and sacral spinal cord

Presynaptic long post synaptic short
In/near visceral effector of organs (terminal ganglia)

Named ganglia in head
Intramural ganglia in thorax and abdomen

Only innervates internal organs
Inhibits or slows down functions
Only major not inhibited is digestion

Presynaptic neuron bodies - CN III, VII, IX, X, S2-4

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9
Q

Cranial outflow of parasympathetic

A

Oculomotor nerve - smooth muscle in eye
Facial nerve - lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual
Glossopharyngeal nerve - parotid gland
Vagus nerve - organs in thorax & GI tract through 2/3 of transverse colon

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10
Q

Sacral outflow

A

Presynaptic neurons originate from s2-4
Fibers travel through ventral root to spinal nerve to ventral rami
Exit ventral ramifications as pelvic splanchnic nerve
Synapse in intramural ganglia
Post synaptic fibers innervates remainder of GI tract from distal 1/3 of transverse colon & pelvic viscera

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11
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Widespread, speeds up and stimulate functions
Major body function not stimulate is digestion
Paravertebral ganglia - sympathetic chain, both sides, extend from cranial base to coccyx
Pervertebral ganglia - abdominal aorta, celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion

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12
Q

Sympathetic outflow

A

Synapses at paravertebral ganglia at same level
Synapse at paravertebral ganglia at different level
Does not synapse on chain (splanchnic nerve) - will synapse at a prevertebral ganglia on abdominal aorta

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13
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Postsynaptic sympathetic neurons located in medulla of adrenal gland.
Produce epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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14
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Blood vessel
Blood

Transportation of nutrients, waste, and hormones

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15
Q

Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

A

Right side of heart pumps blood to lungs then goes back left side of the heart.

Left side of heart pumps blood to the body and goes back to right side of the heart

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16
Q

Great vessels of the heart

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary eins

Pulmonary trunk and arteries
Aorta

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17
Q

Right side

A

Atrium
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

Ventricle
Deoxygenated blood into pulmonary trunk that splits into two arteries

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18
Q

Left side

A

Oxygenated blood from 2 right pulmonary veins and 2 left pulmonary veins

Aorta: ascending aorta, arch of aorta, descending aorta

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19
Q

Valves

A

Atrioventricular
Tricuspid - between right atrium and right ventricle
Bicuspid or mitral valve - between left atrium and left ventricle

Semilunar valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve - between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valve - between left ventricle and aorta

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20
Q

Heart sounds

A

Systole : ventricle contract to pump blood out of the heart
Diastole : ventricle relax so blood can fill again

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21
Q

Layers of the heart

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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22
Q

Internal features - right atrium

A

Pectinate muscle
Fossa oval is
Opening of coronary sinus

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23
Q

Internal features - right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve
Chordae tendineae
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscle

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24
Q

Internal features - left ventricle

A

Aortic semilunar valve
Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscle
Aorta
Bicuspid valve
Chordae tendineae

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25
Arterial coronary circulation
Maximal blood flow to the myocardium occurs when the heart is relaxed There is very little blood flow through the coronary circulation when the heart it s contracting Contraction of myocardium compresses coronary arteries Entrances into the coronary circulation are partially blocked by the cusp of the open aortic semilunar valve
26
Circulation
Base of aorta - right coronary artery - marginal artery, posterior interventricular artery Left coronary artery - circumflex artery, anterior interventricular artery
27
Venous coronary circulation
Small cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, great cardiac vein - coronary sinus - right atrium
28
Intrinsic Conduction
SA Node- AV Node- AV Bundle (His) - Bundle Branches - Purkinje Fibers
29
Fetal vs post-natal circulation
Fetus has no functioning lungs Can’t provide nutrients cannot remove waste Utilizes mother’s circulation to compensate for deficiencies
30
Fetal circulation
Placenta Umbilical vein towards baby (oxygenated by mother circulation) 2 umbilical arteries away from baby (deoxygenated) Umbilical vein pass through primitive liver and carries blood to IVC Régresses to form ligamentum teres which is found within inferior edge of falciform ligament Foramen ovale Shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium to bypass the lungs Small amounts to lung to nourish tissue Fossa ovalis after closure Ductus arteriosus shunts blood that made to left pulmonary artery to aorta Ligamentum arteriousus after closure
31
Respiratory system
Nasal cavity Pharynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Gas exchange, sound production, air conditioning (humidify/warm), air conduction, air filtration
32
Divisions
Conducting division : conduit for air to reach sites of gas exchange (nose - terminal bronchioles) Respiratory division : gas exchange (respiratory bronchioles - alveolus)
33
Conducting division
Nose, Pharynx (Naso, Oro, laryngo) Larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
34
Respiratory division
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
35
Nasal Cavity
external nares (nostrils) Lateral wall contains 3 pairs of nasal conchae Filtration, warm, humidify Conchae - create turbulence of air entering nasal cavity, aids warming air, remove particulate material Meatuses- spaces below each concha, nasolacrimal ducts and paranasal sinuses open into meatuses
36
Pharynx
Vagus and Glossopharyngeal sensory innervation Vagus motor innervation Nasopharynx - Base of skill to soft palate, pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid if enlarged), Opening of auditory tube (Eustachian tube or pharyngotympanic tube) Oropharynx - Soft palate to tip of epiglottis, air and food passage, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils Laryngopharynx - tip of epiglottis to superior esophagus, inferior border of cricoid cartilage, air and food passage
37
Larynx
Voice box Opens into pharynx continuous with trachea inferiority 9 cartilages which holds airway open 3 unpaired, 3 paired Vocal folds (cords)
38
Larynx cartilage
Unpaired Thyroid cartilage - largest, formed by two broad and flat laminae, most superior point of site of fusion between two laminae projects forward as laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Epiglottis - attached to posterior aspect of thyroid cartilage, helps protect opening of larynx Cricoid cartilage - Only laryngeal cartilage to form complete ring, shaped like a signet ring (broad posterior, narrow anterior) Paired Arytenoid cartilages - pyramid shaped, attachment site for muscles Corniculate cartilages Cuneiform cartilages
39
Vocal folds
Folds of mucosa overlying membranous thickenings Two pairs False vocal folds (vestibular folds) True vocal folds (vocal folds)- inferior to false vocal cords, sound produced when air is expelled and passes between vocal folds, intrinsic laryngeal muscles adjust tension of fold to adjust pitche
40
Trachea
Direct continuation of larynx Anterior to esophagus C shaped cartilage rings hold open Bifurcates into right and left primary bronchus
41
Bronchi
Primary bronchi, Right primary bronchus - wider and more vertical course Left primary bronchus - smaller and less direct course than right Secondary bronchi - each supplies a lobe of the lung, right 3 left 2 Tertiary bronchi - each segmental bronchi supplies a bronchopulmonary segment, left 8 right 10
42
Bronchioles
Lead to respiratory bronchioles
43
Respiratory division
Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli
44
Lungs
Organs of respiration Base sits on diaphragm and apex projects above rib Hilum medial surface where structures enter and exit lung Root short tubular collection of structures that attach lung to mediastinum Pulmonary artery - 2 veins, main bronchus, bronchial vessels, nerves, lymphatics
45
Lungs
Right 3 lobes, 2 fissures, oblique and horizontal Left 2 lobes 1 fissures, oblique only, cardiac notch, lingula - tongue like extension of lower part of superior lobe
46
Muscles of abdominal wall
Rectus abdominis External abdominal oblique Internal abdominal oblique Transversus abdominis Ventral rami of T7-L Ribs, iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia attachment
47
Layers
Deep to superficial Transversus abdominis Internal abdominal oblique Rectus abdominus External abdominal oblique
48
Muscles of abdominal wall
3 muscles replaced by an aponeurosis as they continue towards midline - external oblique, internal oblique, and Transversus abdominis. Forms anterior & posterior Rectus sheath (encloses Rectus abdominis) Rectus abdominis intersected by three or four tendinous intersections
49
Inguinal région
Junction between anterior abdominal wall & thigh External oblique aponeurosis folds back onto itself to form inguinal ligament Inguinal canal - slit like passage extend downward and medial Deep inguinal ring & continues for 4 cm ending at superficial inguinal ring Spermatic cord and round ligament
50
Inguinal hernia
Indirect - in canal 2/3 Direct - directly through abdominal wall 1/3
51
Muscles of the pelvis
Funnel shaped pelvic floor or pelvic diaphragm Levator ani and coccygeus
52
Abdominal Quadrants
Upper right - gallbladder, right kidney, liver, pancreas Upper left - spleen, left kidney, pancreas, stomach Lower right - appendix, proximal small intestine Lower left - descending and sigmoid colon
53
Wall organization of GI tract
Mucosa - protection, absorption, secretion Submucosa - loose CT glads, vessels, nerves Muscularis externa - mechanical breakdown, movement, stomach has 3rd layer, oblique Serosa or adventitia - visceral peritoneum
54
Peritoneum
Thin membrane lines wall of abdominal cavity and covers viscera Parietal peritoneum lines cavity and visceral peritoneum covers the viscera Parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum contain serous fluid to allow organ movement
55
Mesentery
Double layers folds of peritoneum connect organs to one another and the body wall Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
56
Oral Cavity
Teeth for physical digestion Three paired salivary glands begin chemical digestion Parotid glad, sublingual, submandibular Stimulated by parasympathetic, inhibited by sympathetic
57
Pharynx
Food passes oral cavity into pharynx 2 parts Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
58
GI Tract divisions
Foregut - inferior esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, proximal half of duodenum Midgut - distal half of duodenum, jéjunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon Hindgut - distal 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, superior part of rectum
59
Esophagus
Direct continuation of pharynx at C6 level - posterior to trachea, flat unless filled with a bolus of food Pierces the diaphragm at esophageal hiatus (t10) Muscularis externa of superior portion is skeletal, inferior is smooth No enzymes no absorption
60
Stomach
Dilated (j-shaped) Receives bolus of food from esophagus Mixing and holding area for food Digestive enzymes, some substances absorbed by stomach Enter cardia - fundus top - body - pyloric antrum- pyloric canal - pyloric sphincter empties into duodenum with chyme Medial lesser curvature - lateral greater curvature Empty stomach - Mucosa lies term part longitudinal folds called rugae 3 layers, outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner oblique
61
Peritoneal folds
Greater omentum attaches to greater curvature and transverse colon Apron for intestines Lesser omentum attaches to lesser curvature and duodenum, connects stomach to liver
62
Pancreas
Elongated gland posterior to the stomach Functions both as endocrine and exocrine gland 99% functions as exocrine 1% as endocrine Pancreatic enzymes for digestion Glucagon and insulin into blood Pancreatic duct joins common bile duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla, drains into duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
63
Liver
Inferior to diaphragm Produce bile and detoxify blood from GI tract Right lobe - largest Left lobe Quadrate lobe Caudate lobe Falciform ligament - divides liver into right and left lobes, anchors liver to anterior body wall, round ligament of liver, ligamentum teres hepatis is obliterated remnant of umbilical vein Coronary ligament - attache liver to diaphragm Porta hepatis - common hepatic duct, hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein
64
Gallbladder
Pear shaped sac, located in posterior surface of right lobe liver Concentrates and store excess bile from liver Cystic duct to common bile duct
65
Small intestine
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Contain plica circulares , villi, microvilli increase surface area Move chyme - peristalsis Absorption, complete digestion
66
Mesentery proper
Anchors most of small intestine to posterior abdominal wall
67
Large Intestine
Location for réabsorption of electrolytes and water, formation of feces Cecum, ileum through iléocecal valve Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal Teniae Coli- longitudinal band of smooth muscle Haustra - sac-like pouches Omental appendices - fat deposits
68
Mesocolon
Anchors provision of colon to posterior abdominal wall Transverse and sigmoid
69
Lymphatic system
Drains excess interstitial fluid, produce maintain and distribute lymphocytes, hormones, nutrients, waste product Lymph vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils Thymus Spleen Converge towards thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct
70
Thoracic and right ducts
Right 1/4 - head neck thorax right upper limbs Left 3/4
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Lymph
Fluid in lymphatic vessels Excess interstitial fluid usually clear and water, similar to plasma
72
Tonsils
Lymphoid tissue facing respiratory and digestive tracts Pharyngeal, palatine, lingual
73
Thymus gland
Located posterior to sternum Immune system development Atrophies and becomes non0functional in adults
74
Spleen
Largest lymphatic tissue organ in body Product lymphocytes and filters blood Destroy bacteria and worn out RBC
75
Arteries of parietal abdomen
Superior and inferior epigastric enter rectus sheath - anastomose together
76
Aorta
Anterior branches Big 3 Lateral branches
77
Blood supply to abdomen
Foregut : supplied by Celiac trunk midgut : superior mesenteric branches hindgut : inferior mesenteric
78
Celiac Trunk
Left gastric artery Splenic Common hepatic Gastroduodenal, proper hepatic - right hepatic, left hepatic, cystic, right gastric
79
Left gastric
Superior branch of Celia trunk left towards lesser curvature, supplies stomach and esophagus
80
Splenic artery
Left branch of Celia trunk Travels toward spleen Supplies pancreas and spleen
81
Common hepatitis artery
Right branch of Celiac trunk Liver and gallbladder Proper hepatic, gastroduodenal
82
Proper hepatic artery
Superior branch of common hepatic Travels toward liver and medial to bile duct Branches into Right and left hepatic artery
83
Cystic artery
Usually arises from hepatic artery Gallbladder and cystic duct
84
Right gastric artery
Usually arises from proper hepatic artery Anastomoses with left gastric artery Supplies lesser curvature of stomach
85
Gastroduodenal artery
Inferior branch of common hepatic Travels toward junction of stomach & duodenum
86
Superior mesenteric
Second major unpaired branch off the abdominal aorta below diaphragm Located inferior to celiac Small intestine besides duodenum, appendix, cecum, ascending colon, and 2/3 transverse colon Intestinal branches Ileocolic, right colic, middle colic
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Inferior mesenteric
Third major unpaired branch abdominal aorta inferior to diaphragm Superior to aortic bifurcation Supplies distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and superior rectum Left colic, sigmoidal, superior rectal
88
Viscera
Suprarenal artérioles - paired visceral branches off abdominal aorta, supply adrenal glands Renal artérioles - paired visceral branches off abdominal aorta, supply kidneys Gonadal - supply gonads
89
Innervation to visceral abdomen
Sympathetic Enters via splanchnic nerves Presynaptic. Short will synapse with post synaptic long neurons in celiac the superior Mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia Post synaptic sympathetic fibers the travel visceral organs Parasympathetic Vagus nerve - presynaptic long reach celiac trunk and SMA and travel along vessel to destination postsynaptic short Pelvic splanchnic - reach IMA and travel along vessels
90
Venous drainage
Caval system of veins - inferior vena cava Portal system - hepatic portal vein
91
Inferior vena cava
Larges vein in body Renal veins Right gonadal vein Right suprarenal vein Hepatic vein
92
Hepatic portal system
Double capillary system Blood filtered through liver returned to general circulation Portal vein- union of splenic and SMV Return from spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, abdominal gastrointestinal Returns nutrient rich poorly oxygenated blood

ANATOMY 2300 (11 decks)

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