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Science 9 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

spontaneous generation

A

life can be generated by non-life

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2
Q

biogenesis

A

all living things come from other living things

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3
Q

morphology

A

study of shape or physical characteristics of an organism

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4
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of an organism

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5
Q

chemosynthesis

A

inorganic molecules in the early sea combined to form amino acids –> proteins –> cells

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6
Q

homologous structure

A

structures with similar underlying structure and similar embryonic origin; current functions may be different

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7
Q

analogous structure

A

structures with similar functions and similar superficial appearance but not the same embryonic origin

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8
Q

coevolution

A

evolution in two interdependent species in which changes in one group influence changes in the other

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9
Q

niche

A

specific function a species serves in a habitat or ecosystem

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10
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

period of rapid speciation among multicellular organisms that occurred about 500 million years ago

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11
Q

natural selection

A

process by which the environment determines the organisms/traits best adapted to a given environment at a particular time

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12
Q

artificial selection

A

process of breeding organisms for a particular trait

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13
Q

trait

A

physical/behavioral characteristics

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14
Q

fitness

A

degree to which an organism’s traits allow it to survive and reproduce

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15
Q

adaption

A

evolutionary process by which the genetic makeup of a population changes so that the population becomes better able to survive and reproduce; inherited trait that increases an individual’s fitness

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16
Q

transitional species

A

fossil species that represent an intermediate stage in the evolution of one species to another

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17
Q

vestigial sturctures

A

body parts that one time were necessary but now are reduced in size and have no specific function

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18
Q

gene pool

A

total genetic information available in a population to create the next generation

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19
Q

allele frequency

A

frequency of certain alleles in populations, change all the time–> when they change = evolution

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20
Q

Hardy-Weinburg genetic equilibrium

A

observation that the proportions of alleles in the gene pool do not change over time in a population that is not evolving

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21
Q

genetic variation

A

genetic diversity that is essential to natural selection; produced by mutation, sexual reproduction, and gene flow

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22
Q

directional selection

A

selection that favors one extreme expression of a trait

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23
Q

negative selection

A

natural selection that disfavors a particular trait so it becomes very rare in a population

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24
Q

sexual selection

A

the choice of a mate based on specific and often exaggerated or elaborate characteristics

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25
gene flow
movement of alleles out of a population= reducing the population's genetic variation; OR movement of alleles into population- increasing the diversity of the gene pool
26
genetic drift
random changes in a population's gene pool that are not the result of natural selection
27
microevolution
evolution at the population level, some of one species in single population of one area
28
macroevolution
evolution at/above species level, all of one species
29
speciation
formation of one or more new species from an ancestral one
30
species
group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
31
reproductive isolation
separation of two populations by a physical or behavioral barrier that prevents the two groups from interbreeding
32
half-life
length of time it takes for 1/2 of any sample to decay to its stable from
33
microspheres
spherical formations of phospholipids that may have led to early cells
34
coacervates
stable spherical structures that form because amino acids and other organic compounds are electrostaticly attracted to each other
35
protocells
a pared down simple form of a cell that is able to grow, replicate, and evolve. consists only of phospholipids and RNA replicase
36
ribozyme
type of RNA that acts as an enzyme and can self-replicate
37
evolution
change in frequency of a trait or allele in a population; or the accumulation of changes of traits in a species that results in speciation
38
fossil
traces of dead organisms usually found in sedimentary rock
39
imprint fossil
formed by tiny bones, leaf veins, feathers, as soft parts decompose
40
fossil mold
formed by impressions of large bones that decompose leaving a negative space where the bone used to be
41
fossil cast
formed when the space left behind a mold is filled in with minerals and sediment
42
petrified fossils
formed when minerals replace decomposing soft tissue, leaves perfect replica of organism in stone
43
relative age
determined by law of superposition, relative positioning of fossil in layers
44
absolute age
actual age of fossil determined by radiometric dating
45
convergent evolution
unrelated species become superficially similar due to adaptation in similar environments
46
divergent evolution
single species evolves into two or more different species due to adaptive radiation
47
population
smallest unit of biological organization in which evolution can occur
48
genetic equilibrium
characteristic of a population when the allele frequency remains the same over time
49
disruptive selection
selection that favors two or more extremes of a trait
50
immigration
movement of individuals into a population
51
emigration
movement of individuals out of population
52
isolation
a formerly interbreeding population is separated so that the two subpopulations are unable to interbreed
53
geographic isolation
physical separation of members of a population, stops gene flow, natural selection and genetic drift can then cause the two subpopulations to diverge
54
reproductive isolation
inability for successful breeding between population groups living in the same area, may result from disruptive selection
55
prezygotic
incompatible behaviors or structures reduce/prevent breeding
56
postzygotic
early death of offspring or infertile offspring; considered wasteful of parental gametes
57
gradualism
evolution due to natural selection leads us to view it as a gradual change over millions of years
58
punctuated equilibrium
periods of stability followed by periods of rapid change
59
taxonomy
branch of biology that classifies organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history
60
binomial nomenclature
method of taxonomy that uses two names to identify a species
61
systematics
modern means of classifying organisms based on their natural relationships
62
cladistics
branch of phylogenetics that uses the quantity of shared and derived characters to group organisms into a cladogram

Science 9 (7 decks)

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