Unit 5 Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
what atoms do carbohydrates contain
A
C, H and O
2
Q
what is the general formula for carbohydrates
A
Cn(H2O)n
3
Q
simplest carbohydrates are
A
monosacchrides
4
Q
whats an example of a monosaccharide
A
glucose
5
Q
glucose equation
A
C6H12O6
6
Q
which carbohydrates cannot be further hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates
A
monosaccharides
7
Q
which carbohydrates have 2 monosaccharides
A
disaccharides
8
Q
which carbohydrate is sucrose an example of
A
disaccharide
9
Q
what is C12H22O11
A
sucrose
10
Q
all monosaccharides
A
glucose
fructose
galactose
11
Q
all disaccharides
A
sucrose (glucose+fructose) lactose (glucose+galactose) maltose (glucose+glucose)
12
Q
All polysaccharides
A
starch
glycogen
cellulose
13
Q
monosaccaride formula
A
C6H12O6
14
Q
Disaccharides formula
A
C12H22O11
15
Q
Polysaccharide formula
A
-(C6H10o5)-n
16
Q
glucose source
A
fruit
17
Q
fructose source
A
fruits, honey
18
Q
galactose source
A
not natural
19
Q
sucrose source
A
sugar cane, sugar beet
20
Q
lactose source
A
milk
21
Q
maltose source
A
germinating grain
22
Q
starch source
A
plants
23
Q
glycogen source
A
animals
24
Q
cellulose source
A
plant fiber
25
Fischer projection is a structure drawn with
vertical and horizontal lines
26
L and D are two
enantiomers
27
L is assigned when
OH is on the left side of the vertical line
28
How do you determine where to assign the L or D enantiomer
the OH group farthest away from the aldehyde or ketone
29
Most stable form for pentoses and hexoses are
cyclic rings, known as Haworth
30
what are the 2 forms termed in a haworth
anomers
31
which projection is in a straight line
fischer
32
which projection has an OH that can be drawn above or below the plane
haworth
33
when an OH group is drawn below the plane of the ring
alpha
34
OH group is above the plane of the ring
beta
35
Can rings reopen and close
yes
36
the carbon bearing the reactive carbonyl yielding two distinct configurations (α and β) are
hemiacetals and hemiketals.
37
what is the carbon called which is in rotation
anomeric carbon
38
what is it called when carbohydrates change spontaneously between a and B configurations
mutarotation
39
When drawn in the Haworth projection, the α configuration places the hydroxyl
downward
40
The spatial relationships of the atoms of the furanose and pyranose ring structures are more correctly described by the two conformations identified as the
chair form and the boat form.
41
is the chair form or boat form more stable
chair form
42
what are constitutes of the ring called that project above or below the plane of the ring
axial
43
what are constitutes called that project parrallel to the plane called
equilateral
44
In the chair conformation, the orientation of the hydroxyl group about the anomeric carbon of α-D-glucose is
axial
45
In the chair conformation, the orientation of the hydroxyl group about the anomeric carbon of B-D-glucose is
equilateral
46
monosaccharides contain what functional group
OH
47
most monosaccharides exist in what form
cyclic form
48
The most stable structure of certain forms are
rings
49
Oxidation of aldose monosaccharides yield
carboxylic acid
50
Reduction of CO group in monosaccharides yield
sugar alcohols called alditols.
51
Aldehyde with an adjacent hydroxyl group always respond _____ to Benedict’s test
positively
52
Disaccharides and polysaccharides contain both the
OH an ether or glycosidic link
53
what is formed When 2 monosaccharides are joined by dehydration
a disaccharide
54
glycosidic bonds are
Covalent bonds between the anomeric hydroxyl of a cyclic sugar and the hydroxyl of a second sugar (or another alcohol containing compound)
55
The linkage of two monosaccharides to form disaccharides has what bond
glycosidic bond
56
a disaccharide is obtained from starch, which on hydrolysis produces glucose. This on further fermentation yields ethanol. It is composed of 2 glucose monomers in an α–(1,4) glycosidic bond.
maltose
57
found in milk products is another disaccharide. It consists of galactose and glucose in a β–(1,4) glycosidic bond.
lactose
58
another disaccharide cannot form an open chain and therefore cannot be oxidized. It does not react with Benedict’s reagent and thus is not a reducing sugar. It is composed of glucose and fructose through an α–(1,2)–β-glycosidic bond
sucrose
59
These are polymers formed by the combination of many monosaccharides
polysaccharides
60
The monomeric building blocks used to generate polysaccharides can be varied; in all cases, however, the predominant monosaccharide found in polysaccharides is
D-glucose
61
When polysaccharides are composed of a single monosaccharide building block, they are termed
homopolysaccharides
62
Polysaccharides composed of more than one type of monosaccharide are termed
heteropolysaccharides
63
a storage form of glucose in plants is composed of 2 polysaccharides- amylose and amylopectin
starch
64
what happens to starches in the presence of acid
they hydrolyze easily and give dextrinwhich on further hydrolysis yields maltose and finally glucose.
65
animal starch is a polymer of glucose
glycogen
66
gives the rigid structure to cell walls in wood and fiber and more resistant to hydrolysis than starch form
cellulose
67
They are coiled in a helical form and consists of 250 to 4000 alpha-D glucose connected by 1-4 glucosidic bonds
startch
68
they are joined by alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds and branches occurring every 10 to 15 glucose units are attached by alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds.
glucose
69
what is made up of glucose form a long unbranched chain similar to that of amylose, but units are linked by beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds. The chains are aligned in parallel rows held by H bonds between OH groups in adjacent chains.
cellulose
70
starch monomer
glusoce
71
glycogen monomer
glucose
72
cellulose monomer
glucose
73
starch structure
2 components:
(a) amylopectin: 3000 - 6000 glucose units (branched, open structure)
(b) amylose: 60 - 300 glucose units (unbranched linear structure)
74
glycogen structure
more branched than amylopectin with an open structure
75
cellulose structure
Relatively unbranched linear polymer of ~3000 glucose units.
| Chains linked by hydrogen bonds.
76
starch solubility in water
insoluble in cold water
soluble in hot water
(forms a colloid)
77
glycogen solubility in water
soluble in cold water
| forms a colloid
78
cellulose solubility in water
insoluble
79
starch is found in
plants
80
glycogen is found in
animals
81
cellulose is found in
plants
82
the reduction of monosaccarides produces
sugar alchohols
83
the oxidation of monosaccarrides produces
sugar acids
84
A glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides can also be classified as a(n)
ether bond
85
In a disaccharide, two monosaccharides are joined by what kind of bond?
glycosidic
86
Which of the following contains α-1,6-branches?
glycogen
87
Cellulose is not digestible by humans because it contains glucose units linked by ________-glycosidic bonds
β-(1,4)
88
which contains β-(1,4) branches?
cellulose
89
Amylose is a polysaccharide which has
only α-1,4-links bonds glucose units
90
Humans cannot digest cellulose because they
lack the necessary enzymes to digest β-glycosides
91
Under acid hydrolysis conditions, starch is converted to
glucose
92
Amylopectin is a polysaccharide which has
both α-1,4-and α-1,6-bonds between glucose units
93
Glycogen is a polysaccharide which has
both α-1,4-and α-1,6-bonds between glucose units
94
List the three major disaccharides and examples.
maltose, lactose, sucrose
95
What is the basic source of energy for all living things?
glucose
96
Name the type of glycosidic bond in maltose
α-1,4
97
Name the monosaccharides used to make sucrose.
glucose and fructose
98
Name the three major polysaccharides and their source.
starch (plants), glycogen (animals), cellulose (wood, outer wall of plants)
99
Which monosaccharide makes up the 3 polysaccharides?
glucose
100
What is a reducing sugar? Give an example.
Carbohydrate which can reduce any substance. Glucose
101
What is the name of the bond formed between two monosaccharides to make a disaccharide?
glycosidic bond
102
table sugar
sucrose
103
fruit sugar
fructose
104
blood sugar
glucose
105
malt sugar
maltose
106
milk sugar
lactose
107
Determine the enantiomeric form.
D/L
| Right/Left
108
Determine the anomeric form.
a/b
| Below/above
