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Chem 2 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what atoms do carbohydrates contain

A

C, H and O

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2
Q

what is the general formula for carbohydrates

A

Cn(H2O)n

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3
Q

simplest carbohydrates are

A

monosacchrides

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4
Q

whats an example of a monosaccharide

A

glucose

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5
Q

glucose equation

A

C6H12O6

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6
Q

which carbohydrates cannot be further hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

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7
Q

which carbohydrates have 2 monosaccharides

A

disaccharides

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8
Q

which carbohydrate is sucrose an example of

A

disaccharide

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9
Q

what is C12H22O11

A

sucrose

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10
Q

all monosaccharides

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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11
Q

all disaccharides

A

sucrose (glucose+fructose) lactose (glucose+galactose) maltose (glucose+glucose)

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12
Q

All polysaccharides

A

starch
glycogen
cellulose

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13
Q

monosaccaride formula

A

C6H12O6

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14
Q

Disaccharides formula

A

C12H22O11

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15
Q

Polysaccharide formula

A

-(C6H10o5)-n

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16
Q

glucose source

A

fruit

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17
Q

fructose source

A

fruits, honey

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18
Q

galactose source

A

not natural

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19
Q

sucrose source

A

sugar cane, sugar beet

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20
Q

lactose source

A

milk

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21
Q

maltose source

A

germinating grain

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22
Q

starch source

A

plants

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23
Q

glycogen source

A

animals

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24
Q

cellulose source

A

plant fiber

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25
Q

Fischer projection is a structure drawn with

A

vertical and horizontal lines

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26
Q

L and D are two

A

enantiomers

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27
Q

L is assigned when

A

OH is on the left side of the vertical line

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28
Q

How do you determine where to assign the L or D enantiomer

A

the OH group farthest away from the aldehyde or ketone

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29
Q

Most stable form for pentoses and hexoses are

A

cyclic rings, known as Haworth

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30
Q

what are the 2 forms termed in a haworth

A

anomers

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31
Q

which projection is in a straight line

A

fischer

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32
Q

which projection has an OH that can be drawn above or below the plane

A

haworth

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33
Q

when an OH group is drawn below the plane of the ring

A

alpha

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34
Q

OH group is above the plane of the ring

A

beta

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35
Q

Can rings reopen and close

A

yes

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36
Q

the carbon bearing the reactive carbonyl yielding two distinct configurations (α and β) are

A

hemiacetals and hemiketals.

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37
Q

what is the carbon called which is in rotation

A

anomeric carbon

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38
Q

what is it called when carbohydrates change spontaneously between a and B configurations

A

mutarotation

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39
Q

When drawn in the Haworth projection, the α configuration places the hydroxyl

A

downward

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40
Q

The spatial relationships of the atoms of the furanose and pyranose ring structures are more correctly described by the two conformations identified as the

A

chair form and the boat form.

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41
Q

is the chair form or boat form more stable

A

chair form

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42
Q

what are constitutes of the ring called that project above or below the plane of the ring

A

axial

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43
Q

what are constitutes called that project parrallel to the plane called

A

equilateral

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44
Q

In the chair conformation, the orientation of the hydroxyl group about the anomeric carbon of α-D-glucose is

A

axial

45
Q

In the chair conformation, the orientation of the hydroxyl group about the anomeric carbon of B-D-glucose is

A

equilateral

46
Q

monosaccharides contain what functional group

A

OH

47
Q

most monosaccharides exist in what form

A

cyclic form

48
Q

The most stable structure of certain forms are

A

rings

49
Q

Oxidation of aldose monosaccharides yield

A

carboxylic acid

50
Q

Reduction of CO group in monosaccharides yield

A

sugar alcohols called alditols.

51
Q

Aldehyde with an adjacent hydroxyl group always respond _____ to Benedict’s test

A

positively

52
Q

Disaccharides and polysaccharides contain both the

A

OH an ether or glycosidic link

53
Q

what is formed When 2 monosaccharides are joined by dehydration

A

a disaccharide

54
Q

glycosidic bonds are

A

Covalent bonds between the anomeric hydroxyl of a cyclic sugar and the hydroxyl of a second sugar (or another alcohol containing compound)

55
Q

The linkage of two monosaccharides to form disaccharides has what bond

A

glycosidic bond

56
Q

a disaccharide is obtained from starch, which on hydrolysis produces glucose. This on further fermentation yields ethanol. It is composed of 2 glucose monomers in an α–(1,4) glycosidic bond.

A

maltose

57
Q

found in milk products is another disaccharide. It consists of galactose and glucose in a β–(1,4) glycosidic bond.

A

lactose

58
Q

another disaccharide cannot form an open chain and therefore cannot be oxidized. It does not react with Benedict’s reagent and thus is not a reducing sugar. It is composed of glucose and fructose through an α–(1,2)–β-glycosidic bond

A

sucrose

59
Q

These are polymers formed by the combination of many monosaccharides

A

polysaccharides

60
Q

The monomeric building blocks used to generate polysaccharides can be varied; in all cases, however, the predominant monosaccharide found in polysaccharides is

A

D-glucose

61
Q

When polysaccharides are composed of a single monosaccharide building block, they are termed

A

homopolysaccharides

62
Q

Polysaccharides composed of more than one type of monosaccharide are termed

A

heteropolysaccharides

63
Q

a storage form of glucose in plants is composed of 2 polysaccharides- amylose and amylopectin

A

starch

64
Q

what happens to starches in the presence of acid

A

they hydrolyze easily and give dextrinwhich on further hydrolysis yields maltose and finally glucose.

65
Q

animal starch is a polymer of glucose

A

glycogen

66
Q

gives the rigid structure to cell walls in wood and fiber and more resistant to hydrolysis than starch form

A

cellulose

67
Q

They are coiled in a helical form and consists of 250 to 4000 alpha-D glucose connected by 1-4 glucosidic bonds

A

startch

68
Q

they are joined by alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds and branches occurring every 10 to 15 glucose units are attached by alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds.

A

glucose

69
Q

what is made up of glucose form a long unbranched chain similar to that of amylose, but units are linked by beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds. The chains are aligned in parallel rows held by H bonds between OH groups in adjacent chains.

A

cellulose

70
Q

starch monomer

A

glusoce

71
Q

glycogen monomer

A

glucose

72
Q

cellulose monomer

A

glucose

73
Q

starch structure

A

2 components:

(a) amylopectin: 3000 - 6000 glucose units (branched, open structure)
(b) amylose: 60 - 300 glucose units (unbranched linear structure)

74
Q

glycogen structure

A

more branched than amylopectin with an open structure

75
Q

cellulose structure

A

Relatively unbranched linear polymer of ~3000 glucose units.

Chains linked by hydrogen bonds.

76
Q

starch solubility in water

A

insoluble in cold water
soluble in hot water
(forms a colloid)

77
Q

glycogen solubility in water

A

soluble in cold water

forms a colloid

78
Q

cellulose solubility in water

A

insoluble

79
Q

starch is found in

A

plants

80
Q

glycogen is found in

A

animals

81
Q

cellulose is found in

A

plants

82
Q

the reduction of monosaccarides produces

A

sugar alchohols

83
Q

the oxidation of monosaccarrides produces

A

sugar acids

84
Q

A glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides can also be classified as a(n)

A

ether bond

85
Q

In a disaccharide, two monosaccharides are joined by what kind of bond?

A

glycosidic

86
Q

Which of the following contains α-1,6-branches?

A

glycogen

87
Q

Cellulose is not digestible by humans because it contains glucose units linked by ________-glycosidic bonds

A

β-(1,4)

88
Q

which contains β-(1,4) branches?

A

cellulose

89
Q

Amylose is a polysaccharide which has

A

only α-1,4-links bonds glucose units

90
Q

Humans cannot digest cellulose because they

A

lack the necessary enzymes to digest β-glycosides

91
Q

Under acid hydrolysis conditions, starch is converted to

A

glucose

92
Q

Amylopectin is a polysaccharide which has

A

both α-1,4-and α-1,6-bonds between glucose units

93
Q

Glycogen is a polysaccharide which has

A

both α-1,4-and α-1,6-bonds between glucose units

94
Q

List the three major disaccharides and examples.

A

maltose, lactose, sucrose

95
Q

What is the basic source of energy for all living things?

A

glucose

96
Q

Name the type of glycosidic bond in maltose

A

α-1,4

97
Q

Name the monosaccharides used to make sucrose.

A

glucose and fructose

98
Q

Name the three major polysaccharides and their source.

A

starch (plants), glycogen (animals), cellulose (wood, outer wall of plants)

99
Q

Which monosaccharide makes up the 3 polysaccharides?

A

glucose

100
Q

What is a reducing sugar? Give an example.

A

Carbohydrate which can reduce any substance. Glucose

101
Q

What is the name of the bond formed between two monosaccharides to make a disaccharide?

A

glycosidic bond

102
Q

table sugar

A

sucrose

103
Q

fruit sugar

A

fructose

104
Q

blood sugar

A

glucose

105
Q

malt sugar

A

maltose

106
Q

milk sugar

A

lactose

107
Q

Determine the enantiomeric form.

A

D/L

Right/Left

108
Q

Determine the anomeric form.

A

a/b

Below/above

Chem 2 (9 decks)

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