Unit 5 - Agriculture Test Review Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
The deliberate modification of
Earth’s surface through
cultivation of plants and the
rearing of animals to obtain
sustenance or economic gain.
A
Agriculture
2
Q
Before agriculture
A
hunting and gathering, small groups of people
3
Q
1st Ag Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)
A
humans first domesticated plants + animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting & gathering
4
Q
Ag hearths
A
Ag developed independently of each other (independent hearths)
5
Q
taboos in ag
A
Some regions can produce things but may not necessarily eat them
6
Q
how industrial rev affects the 2nd ag rev
A
with industrial we get more tools which we can use to get higher yields
7
Q
Farm size
A
in MDC’s farm size is relatively large, Large size is due to
mechanization
8
Q
Southwest Asia (Fertile
Crescent) crops
A
Barley, wheat,
lentil, olive
9
Q
East Asia crops
A
Rice, millet, soybean
10
Q
Sub-Saharan Africa crops
A
Sorghum, yams, millet, rice, coffee
11
Q
Latin America cops
A
Beans, cotton, potato, corn
12
Q
Southwest asia animals
A
Cattle, goats, pigs, sheep, dogs
13
Q
Central asia animals
A
horses
14
Q
what are agricultural regions influenced by
A
climate, soil, landforms
15
Q
two things that normally determine ag regions
A
climate, cultural preferences
16
Q
cultural preferences
A
in regions where something is taboo you will not see those type of farms.
17
Q
1st ag rev effects
A
Urbanization, Social Stratification, Occupational Specialization, Increased population densities
18
Q
second ag rev
A
goes with industrial rev
19
Q
SET
A
Science, Entrepreneurship, Technology
20
Q
2nd ag rev - science
A
3 Field System, 4 Field System, selective breeding of animals
21
Q
2nd ag rev - Entrepreneurship (business)
A
bigger farms = more food
22
Q
2nd ag rev - Technology
A
Better tools = More Food
23
Q
Technology
A
allows much greater production
(surplus) with less human labor, but has high social and environmental costs.
24
Q
increased food production
A
leads to Better diet, Longer life, More people available to work in
factories.
25
Subsistence Agriculture
the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family
26
Commercial Agriculture
The production of food primarily for sale off the farm
27
LDC purpose of farming
Food to eat -Subsistence
28
MDC purpose of farming
Food to make money - commercial
29
percentage of farmers in LDC
high %
30
percentage of farmers in MDC
low %
31
machinery in LDC
basic animal, wood, & iron tools
32
machinery in MDC
highly advanced, electronic
machines
33
why is commercial agriculture expensive
cost of new machines
34
Agribusiness
incorporation of farms into major food production industry
35
what is involved in agribusiness
processing, packaging, storing, distributing, and retailing
36
LDC agriculture
Pastoral Nomadism, Shifting Cultivation, Plantation Farming, Intensive Subsistent Agriculture
Wet rice dominate, Intensive Subsistent Agriculture Wet rice not dominate
37
Pastoral Nomadism
Subsistence agriculture
based on herding animals, dry areas, Animals provide milk and their skin clothing and tents
38
what do Nomads practice
transhumance
39
seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and pasture areas
transhumance
40
what animals dominate the Middle East and North Africa
Camels, followed by sheep & goats
41
A form of subsistence
agriculture in which people shift
activity from one field to
another; each field is used for
crops for a relatively few years
and left fallow for a relatively
long period.
Shifting Cultivation
42
Shifting Cultivation method
slash-and-burn, or swidden agriculture
43
how slash and burn works
Farmers clear land
by slashing , then
burning it, then food is grown for a few years until the soil is depleted of resources, then left to fallow.
44
where is shifting cultivation practiced
humid low- latitudes (high temperature, high rainfall)
45
shifting cultivation crops
Maize, Cassava, yams are most dominant crops
46
shifting cultivation pros and cons
No fertilizers, or pesticides, Inefficient way to feed people, fields are not permanently cleared
47
Plantation farming
Tropics, subtropics, In LDC, but owned by MDC, Commercial agriculture, One or two crops
48
Plantation farming crops
cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, cocoa, bananas
49
Intensive
Small amount of land, Feed a lot of people
50
Extensive
Lots of land, Not as
much output of food
51
Intensive Subsistent Ag
Cultivation at a high density or
high production out of small
parcel of land
52
where does Intensive Subsistent Ag dominate
Southeast Asia
53
Intensive Subsistent Agriculture
Wet rice dominate
Flat land prepared with
animal, field flooded, Rice seedlings transplanted, harvested by knives
54
what is a field flooded known as
sawah
55
two harvests a year
double cropping
56
Intensive Subsistent Agriculture
Wet rice NOT dominate
lower precipitation/harsh
winters, Wheat and barley, Crop rotation
57
where does Intensive Subsistent Agriculture
Wet rice NOT dominate, dominate
Interior of India and
northeast China
58
Pastoral Nomadism location simple
Dry areas
59
Shifting cultivation location simple
Humid areas, humid jungle (Amazon of S. America, Central and West Africa, & SE Asia)
60
what animals are primarily used in pastoral nomadism
Goats and camels in Middle
East and North Africa
61
What is mostly grown in non-wet rice regions?
Wheat
62
Ag in MDC
Mixed Crop and Livestock
Farming, Dairy Farming, Grain Farming, Livestock Ranching, Mediterranean Agriculture, Commercial Gardening and Fruit
Farming
63
commercial farming, crops are fed to the animals, nearly all land is for crops, most income come from animal products
Mixed Crop and Livestock
Farming
64
where is the corn belt
extends from Ohio to the
Dakotas
65
top 2 crops in the U.S.A
corn, soybeans
66
Most important commercial
agriculture practiced on farms
near the large urban areas
Dairy Farming
67
where is Dairy Farming most important
large urban areas of
the, Northeast U.S., Southeast Canada, Northwest Europe
68
the ring around a city from
which milk can be supplied without spoiling
Milkshed
69
areas that produce milk further from the city specialize in what,
butter, cheese, they don't spoil as quickly as fresh milk
70
dairy farming problems
labor intensive, Cows are milked twice a day, everyday, expensive in feeding cows during winter months
71
wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice,
millet, etc.
grain farming
72
who is the world’s largest
comm. producer of grain
the U.S.A
73
why is wheat the most important grain
used to make bread flour
74
top producers of wheat
China, India,
Russia, and U.S.
75
why is grain farming different from Mixed Crop Farming
the crops are eaten by humans
76
Grazing of livestock over
extensive areas.
Livestock Ranching
77
Livestock Ranching climate
semi-arid, suitable for cattle
78
Most of the crops are grown for human consumption
Mediterranean Agriculture
79
Mediterranean Agriculture climate
all border a sea and are on the west coast
80
part of Mediterranean Agriculture
Horticulture
81
growing of fruits, vegetables and flowers
Horticulture
82
Most of the world’s olives,
grapes, and veggies
Mediterranean Agriculture
83
why is Southeast U.S good for Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming
long growing season, humid climate, accessible to large markets on the East coast
84
parts of Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming
Truck farmers,
85
what do Truck farmers do
sell fresh to consumers or large processors for canning or freezing
86
what do Specialty Farming people do
Farming crops that are eaten by affluent customers: peppers, asparagus, mushrooms, strawberries
87
Von Thunen’s Conclusions
crop must sell for more than the cost of the land for profit, Distance to market is critical, but cost of transporting each product is different
88
where is Von Thunen’s model still relevant?
LDC
89
Economic law
any product in abundance
has less value than a product in less abundance
90
Agricultural practices that
preserves and enhances
environmental quality for long term health of fields
Sustainable Agriculture
91
what is included in Sustainable Agriculture
ridge tillage, Limited use of herbicides, integration of crops with livestock
92
ridge tillage
Lower production costs, Soil conservation, Fewer herbicides
93
how can you help a country go from a LDC to a MDC
trade
94
Commercial agriculture
characterized by the integration
of different steps in the food-
processing industry, usually
through ownership by large
corporations
agribusiness
95
Every part of the agribusiness process is owned by one company
Vertical Integration
96
a large increase in crop
production in developing
countries achieved by the
use of fertilizers, pesticides,
and high-yield crop varieties
Green revolution
97
when was mechanized farming introduced
Green revolution
98
who had the greatest impact in the green revolution
Norman Borlaug in Mexico, success later spread to India
99
green revolution results
Greatest effect felt in LDCs new, improved varieties of grains, Irrigation, Mechanization, Use of fertilizer, Use of pesticides
100
what are the 5 cereals
wheat, rice, maize, sorghum
and millet
101
Positives of the Green
Revolution
Yields are 2-4 times greater
The shorter growing season
Farming incomes up, rural communities diet can vary, Local infrastructure is better, jobs for industries that supply farms with resources and machinery
102
Negatives of green revolution
Environmental Damage, Cost of technology and seeds, Mechanization of farming has increased rural unemployment
103
any organism whose genetic
material has been altered using
genetic engineering technique
GMO
104
pros of gmos
higher crop yield, reduced need for pesticides, improved food quality, increased nutritional value
105
cons of gmos
possible allergies, unpredicted changes to the ecosystem, chance of new diseases developing
106
meeting society's food and textile needs in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Sustainable agriculture
107
sustainable agriculture 3 goals
conserve and protect natural resources, meet the food and fuel needs of a growing population, and be financially viable for both growers and consumers.
108
Growing Population in developing worlds
Land left fallow for shorter time, Double or multi cropping
109
Green Revolution
High yield seeds, Chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides,) and Mechanization
110
Commercial Farmers
Dairy Farmers, Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations – Feedlots
111
the process by, which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate
agriculture
Desertification
112
irrigation- evaporation leaves salty residue
Salinization
113
system of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to
reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation
Ridge tillage
114
Crops are grown without application of herbicides and pesticides, GMO's are not used
Organic Farming
115
eating food that is locally produced, not moved long distances to market
Eat Local
116
common definition of "local" food is food grown within 100 miles (160 km) of its point of purchase or consumption
Eat Local (not universally accepted at the mileage)
117
CAFO
Concentrated animal feeding operation
118
what is a Farm Subsidy also known as
an agricultural incentive
119
a government incentive paid to agribusinesses, agricultural
organizations and farms to supplement their income, manage the supply of agricultural commodities, and influence the cost and supply
of such commodities
Farm Subsidy
120
what is given in a farm subsidy
Minimum price for product, Import barriers, Pay farmers not to produce a certain crop, Give tax breaks for conservation effort
121
where is slash and burn primarily used
central Africa, northern South America, and Southeast Asia.
122
plantation farming location simple
Tropics, subtropics –
Latin America, Africa,
Asia
123
Most common type of
commercial farming west of the
Appalachian Mts., Europe
Mixed Crop and Livestock
Farming
124
larger producer of dairy products
new zealand (5% milk)
125
Winter Wheat Belt
KS, OK, CO planted in fall, summer harvest
126
Spring Wheat Belt
MT, Dakotas , S. Canada
127
The cultivation of seafood
under controlled conditions
Aquaculture (aquafarming)
128
the diffusion of animals, plants, and culture between America, Africa, and Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries
Columbian Exchange
129
characteristic of ranching regions around the world
low population densities, poor land quality
130
where is the fertile cresent
southwest asia
131
Llamas and alpacas were first domesticated in _________
South America
132
who was the first to integrate domestication of animals with cultivation of crops and where
Inhabitants of southwest asia
133
where is considered the hearth for the domestications of many different animals like goat and sheep?
southwest asia
134
two main factors of rural land use, according to the Von Thunen model
Transportation and land costs
135
what two factors strongly determine the probability of a farmer turning a profit
transportation cost; distance from the central marker
