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AP Bio > Unit 5: Bacteria & Viruses > Flashcards

Unit 5: Bacteria & Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of a virus

A

Core of DNA or RNA
capsid
potential envelope

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2
Q

What is a capsid

A

A protein coat surrounding the core

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2
Q

What do capsid proteins do

A

They bind to the cell and “tricks” the cell into letting it inside

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3
Q

What is an envelope

A

Lipid bilayer that makes it easier for viruses to fuse to host cell

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4
Q

bacteriophage

A

Virus that attacks bacteria

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5
Q

Can any virus attack any cell

A

No, viruses have specific proteins on their capsids that allows them to only attack specific cells

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of viral infection

A

Lytic and lysogenic

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7
Q

What are the steps to a lytic infection

A
  1. Phage DNA enters
  2. New phage DNA and proteins are synthesized into phages, duplication
  3. Cell breaks open, phages released
  4. Phages attach to a new host cell and inject DNA
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8
Q

What are the steps to a lysogenic infection

A
  1. Phage DNA enters
  2. Phage DNA and bacterial chromosome combine, becomes a prophage
  3. Bacterium reproduces, prophage is copied and transmitted
  4. Many cell divisions produce a colony of bacteria infected with prophage or the prophage exits and initiates a lytic cycle
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9
Q

prophage

A

Viral DNA in the host DNA

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10
Q

What are retroviruses, what specific enzyme do they have

A

Viruses that contain RNA as genetic material
contains reverse transcriptase

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11
Q

What is reverse transciptase

A

An enzyme that transcribe RNA into DNA

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12
Q

Why do retroviruses have high rates of mutation

A

They lack replication error-checking mechanisms, cannot correct mutations as they occur

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13
Q

Can retroviruses remain dormant

A

yes

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14
Q

What are 2 things a virus and a cell have in common

A

Contains genetic material
has the ability to evolve

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15
Q

What is a virus dependent on a cell for

A

Growth
reproduction
obtaining and using energy
responding to the envrionment

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of vaccines

A

A preparation of pathogens introduced into the body to build immunity
or
mRNA introduced that codes for proteins on the virus that builds immunity

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17
Q

Can viruses be grown in nutrient agar like bacteria?

A

Viruses cannot be grown like bacteria because they require a host cell in order to grow

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18
Q

Why do antibiotics work on bacteria and not against viruses?

A

Antibiotics attack the cell wall, viruses don’t have cell walls so they aren’t effected

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19
Q

What are the 6 components of bacteria

A

Cell wall
cell membrane
genetic information
ribosomes
capsule
flagellum

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20
Q

what purpose does the capsule serve

A

Mucous layer that protects against infection and allows adhesion

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21
Q

What type of genetic material do bacteria have

A

A circular chromosome of DNA

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22
Q

where is the genetic information found in bacteria

A

nucleoid

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23
Q

what are plasmids

A

small circular rings of DNA, carries only a few genes

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24
What are the 2 types of plasmids
F-plasmids and R-plasmids
25
F-plasmid
codes for the production of pili
26
R-plasmid
codes for antibiotic resistance
27
How do bacteria reproduce
Binary fission
28
binary fission
Bacteria copies its DNA then splits in half, producing 2 daughter cells
29
How often does binary fission occur
20min - 3 hours
30
What are the 3 prokaryote adaptation to increase genetic variation
Transduction transformation conjugation
31
transduction
Phages carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another
32
Describe the process of transduction
1. Phage injects DNA into host cell 2. Phage enzymes degrade host DNA 3. Cell synthesizes new phages that incorporate phage DNA and some host DNA by accident 4. Transducing phage (phage with host DNA) injects donor DNA into new host cell 5. Donor DNA incorporated into host cell chromosome
33
transformation
Bacteria take up DNA from surrounding environment
34
Conjugation
Bridge forms between 2 bacterial cells by pili and genetic info is passed on
35
Operon
Set of genes and the switches that control the expression of those genes
36
When does gene regulation occur in prokaryotes
During transcription
37
Negative Gene regulation
Ability to turn off gene expression
38
Positive Gene Regulation
Ability to initiate and/or amplify gene expression
39
Repressible Operon
Always on unless the repressor is activated
40
What type of operon is the TRP operon
Negative gene regulation, repressible operon
41
Inducible operon
Always off until repressor is deactivated
42
What type of operon is the lac Operon
Negative gene regulation, inducible
43
What is an allosteric protein
A protein that changes shape and activity when bound to a molecule
44
What happens when tryptophan binds to the repressor protein and the subsequent product
It turns the repressor protein on by changing the shape of the enzyme, it then connects to the operator, resulting in gene expression being turned off
45
corepressors
Molecules that bind to repressor proteins
46
What does the lac operon produce
B-galactosidase aka enzymes that break down lactose
47
What does the trp operon produce
tryptophan
48
What happens when lactose binds to the repressor protein
The repressor protein becomes inactive and detaches from the operator, allowing for transcription and gene expression to occur
49
what is the inducer in the lac operon
Allolactose, a form of lactose
50
What pathways are inducible and repressible enzymes usually used for?
Inducible, catabolic repressible, anabolic
51
What does CAP bind to?
cAMP
52
Is CAP a repressor or activator protein?
activator
53
What happens when there is a high level of cAMP
CAMP binds with CAP and that complex binds to the promoter region which enhances RNA Polymerase binding, increases transcription
54
If lactose levels are high, what is the glucose concentration
low
55
What are the 3 common shapes of bacteria
Cocci bacilli spirilla
56
What are the 2 types of cell walls in bacteria
Gram Positive and Gram Negative
57
Can all bacteria move?
no
58
Why can bacteria move
Some move with the aid of their flagella Others move by lashing, snaking, or spiraling forward
59
What are the 4 types of Metabolism
Chemoheterotrophs photoheterotrophs photoautotrophs chemoautotrophs
60
Chemoheterotrophs
Organisms that take in organic material to obtain energy
61
Photoheterotrophs
Photosynthetic and needs to take in organic material
62
Photoautotrophs
Photosynthetic Bacteria
63

AP Bio (4 decks)

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