Unit 5 - Interactions between Individuals

Question 1

pop of different species interact in a …

Answer 1

community

ie.watering hole in africa (elephants/ zebras/ lionking things)

Question 2

relying on others?

Answer 2

some organisms (animals) rely on others within the community for survival

some birds and rhinoes

Question 3

individuals within a pop do not

Answer 3

live in isolation

Question 4

intraspecific vs intrespecific

Answer 4

1) interact w members of their own species
2) members of other species

Question 5

interspecific interactions

Answer 5

that affect the individual’s survival and reproduction r the product of long term evolutionary adaptation

Question 6

coevolution

babies

Answer 6

happens when individuals of two or more species influence each other reproductive success

Question 7

coevolutionary relationship between pairs of organisms take 6 forms

Answer 7

1) predation
2) herbivory
3) mutualism
4) parasitism
5) competition
6) commensalims

Question 8

predation

Answer 8

in which an organism feeds on another organism

Question 9

herbivory

Answer 9

in which an organism feeds on a plant

Question 10

mutualism

Answer 10

in which the relationship is mutually beneficial

Question 11

parasitism

Answer 11

in which the parasite benefits from the host while reducing the hosts fitness in some way

Question 12

competition

Answer 12

in which both organisms lose access to resources

Question 13

commensalism

Answer 13

in which one organism receives benefits from the other organisms without damaging it

Question 14

Predation effects on interacting pop + ex.

Answer 14

(+/-)
predators gain nutrients and energy prey r killed or injured
ie. northern lynx (pred.)
snowshoe hare (prey)

Question 15

Herbivory effects on interacting pop + ex.

Answer 15

(+/-)
gain nutrients and energy; plants r killed and injured
ie. white-tailed deer and foliage

Question 16

mutualism effects on interacting pop + ex.

Answer 16

(+/+)
both pop benefits
ie. honey bee (pollinator) and flowering plants

Question 17

parasitism effects on interacting pop + ex.

Answer 17

(+/-)
parasites gain nutrients; host r injured or killed
ie. mistletoe attaches to a tree and takes water + nutrients from its host; usually stunts growth but can kill the tree w heavy infestations

Question 18

competition effects on interacting pop + ex.

Answer 18

(-/-)
both competing pop lose access to some resources
ie. tree in forest competing for light

Question 19

communalism effects on interacting pop + ex.

Answer 19

(+/0)
one pop benefits; the other is unaffected
ie. moss grows on a tree getting light and nutrients it needs while tree is unaffected

Question 20

Predation and Herbivory

Answer 20

animals acquire nutrients and energy by consuming other organisms, P and H are likely the most evident examples of coevolution in ecological

Question 21

specialist

Answer 21

feed on one or just a few types of food
ie. pandas only eat bamboo
or koalas eat leaves

Question 22

generalist

Answer 22

have broader tastes and r, therefore, most adaptable to changing conditions and varying habitats
ie. Crows eat food from grain to insects to carrion

Question 23

prey short on food

Answer 23

when prey is scare, animal often take what they can get, settling for food that has a higher cost-to-benefit ratio

Question 24

Food abundance

Answer 24

when food is abundant, animals may specialize, selecting types of food that provide the largest energy return

Question 25

defene mechanisms

Answer 25

predation and herbivory have a (-) impact on the species being eaten so animals and plants have evolved mechanisms to avoid being caught and eaten.

Question 26

types of defence mech

Answer 26

1) camouflage 2) behavioural defences 3) chemical defence 4) mimicry

Question 27

Camouflage

Answer 27

an organism mimics the patterns environment ie. rockfish use disruptive colation (breaking up the shape and destroying the outline of an object) to hinder and blend into the background | camiline - fight of competition or attract a mate or stick bug

Question 28

Chemical defence

Answer 28

an organism is chemically unattractive, either by releasing noxious odours or concentrating poisonous chemicals in its body ie. Skunks spraying a non-toxic chemical or monarch butterflies use potent plants toxins to make unpleasing to preditors.

Question 29

Behavioural defence

Answer 29

passive - hiding, freezing, or playing dead active - fleecing, herding, mobbing, distraction displays ie. rabbits use both freezing and hiding to avoid being prey ie. muskoxen her in a tight defensive formation on alert with their horns towards prey ie. bird mob and harass a predatory to protect young ie. squid and octopuses use ink clouds

Question 30

Mimicry

Answer 30

one species enolves to resemble another. there r 2 types 1) batesian 2) mullerian

Question 31

Batesian mimicry

Answer 31

a palatable or harmless species resembles an unpalatable or poisonous one (model) ie. harmless drone fly is a BM of the stinging honeybee

Question 32

Mullerian mimicry

Answer 32

two or more unpalatable species that share common predators look the same ie. viceroy and the monarch butterflies use MM. they r both unpalatable and look the same

Question 33

Spines and armour

Answer 33

various animals and plants have hard, thorny, or needle-like structures ie. north american porcupine releases hairs that have been modified into sharp quills that cause pain and swelling

Question 34

Population Cycles

Answer 34

interspecific interaction by which pop density of one species (predator) increases while pop density of other species (prey) declines

Question 35

time lag

Answer 35

exist between responses to predator-prey interactions and their pop size

Question 36

abt lynx and hare pop

Answer 36

while the L and H pop cycle is often cited as a classic example of pop cycle, snowshoe hare pop exhibits similar 10y fluctuations on islands where lynx are absent

Question 37

factor affected fluctuations

Answer 37

was the number of pelts purchased by the Hudson Bay Company. fur prices often influence the number of animal traps

Question 38

recent research abt snowshoe hare pop

Answer 38

caused by complex interactions between the snowshoes hares and there food sources and predators

Question 39

Interspecific Competition

Answer 39

different species that use the same limiting resources experience ICcom

Question 40

competing individuals...

Answer 40

may experience increased mortality and decreased reproduction responses similar to those for IC

Question 41

can occur in two ways

Answer 41

1) interference competition 2) exploitative competition

Question 42

interference competition

Answer 42

involves aggression between individuals of different species who fight over the same resource(s)

Question 43

exploitative competition

Answer 43

involves the consumption of shared resources by individuals of different species, where consumption by one limits the resource availability to the other species

Question 44

Interspecific Competition = Gauses principle

Answer 44

- competitive exclusion - no to species with similar requirements could coexist in the exactly the same niche indefinitely - pop of weaker competitor can decline - change behaviour to survive using diff resources - one pop could migrate to another habitat

Question 45

Resource Partitioning

Answer 45

avoidance of/ reduction in competition for similar resources by individuals of different species occupying different non-overlapping ecological niches

Question 46

Ecological Niches

Answer 46

and organisms' ecological characteristics, including the use of interaction with ABIOTIC and BIOTIC resources within its environments - one habitat being address and its niche as occupation

Question 47

example of ecological niches

Answer 47

lions niche is what it eats, what eats it, the way it reproduces, the temp range it tolerates, its habitat, behavioural responses

Question 48

fundamental niche

Answer 48

is the biological characteristics of the organism and the set of resources individuals in the pop are theoretically capable of using under ideal conditions

Question 49

realized niche

Answer 49

the biological characteristics of the organism and the resources individuals in a pop actually use under the prevailing environmental conditions