Unit 5: nervous system

Question 1

CNS organs. And is composed of what

Answer 1

Brain and spinal cord
Composed of grey and white matter

Question 2

Grey vs white matter

Answer 2

1. Unmielinated, have cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, glial cells

Involved in integration of info

2. Axons of myelinated neurons and glial cells (fills up space)

Involved in info transmission from 1 location in cns to another

Question 3

Forebrain: cerebrum (features and major components)

Answer 3

Left and right cerebral hemispheres

3 major components
Cerebral cortex (grey matter)
Tracts (white matter)
Basel nuclei

Question 4

Forebrain: diencephalon (features)

Answer 4

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Question 5

Midbrain: superior vs inferior colliculi

Answer 5

1 visual reflexes
2. Auditory reflexes

Question 6

Midbrain: posterior/dorsal portion

Answer 6

Tegmentum

Question 7

Cerebral peduncles

Answer 7

White matter tracts that carry motor info from the cortex to spinal cord

Question 8

Hind brain: features

Answer 8

Cerebellum: involved in balance and movement

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Question 9

Spinal cord: dorsal, ventral, and lateral horn

Answer 9

1. Grey matter- cell bodies of interneurons
2. Grey matter- cell bodies of lower motor neurons and interneurons
3. Grey matter- Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons

Question 10

Spinal cord: ascending and descending tracts

Answer 10

Both white matter
1. Carry sensory info to the brain

2.carry signals of brain to somatic and autonomic motor neurons

Question 11

Protective features cns: what is brain and spinal cord encased in

Answer 11

Brain encased in skull, spinal cord encased in vertebral column

Question 12

Dorsal root ganglion

Answer 12

1Cell bodies of sensory neurons

Question 13

Ventral root vs dorsal root

Answer 13

Axons of motor neurons that carry signals away from the spinal cord to muscle and gland effectors

2 axons of sensory neurons that carry signals into spinal cord

Question 14

Connective tissues that surround brain and spinal

Answer 14

Meninges

Question 15

Meninges 3 layers (dura, arachnoid, cerebrospinal)

Answer 15

1. Outermost layer (2 fused layers of tissue in brain- only one layer in spinal)
2. Middle layer- spider web like strands that connect to pia matter (3rd layer)
3. Innermost, direct contact w/ brain and spinal

Question 16

What does dura matter (most outer layer tissue in brain/spinal) form

Answer 16

Dural venous sinuses - which drains blood and fluid away from brain

Question 17

What is meningitis and cause. What happens to brain

Answer 17

Inflammation of the meninges
Caused by viral infection that
enters the cerebrospinal fluid

Will put pressure on the brain or spinal which can be damaging to the neural tissue

Question 18

What is intracranial haemorrhage and caused by

Answer 18

Brain bleeds- caused by head injuries

Question 19

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (where is it found & what are they)

Answer 19

Surrounds brain and spinal cord

Also found in ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord

Ventricles= hallow portion/spaces of brain filled w/ csf (hallow from remains of neural tube)

Central canal= space/channel filled w/ csf that passes through the middle of the spinal cord

Question 20

Choroid plexus

Answer 20

Capillaries in contact w/ transport epithelium

Question 21

Epithelium

Answer 21

Simple cuboidal made of ependymal cells

Question 22

Transcellular vs paracellular transport

Answer 22

1. Solutes move across
2. Solutes move between

Question 23

Csf goals

Answer 23

Help remove waste from neural tissue

Protects neural tissue

Help maintain solute concentration in isf surrounding neurons

Question 24

Blood brain barrier (bbb) where is it found and how is it formed. Function for brain

Answer 24

Throughout brain except hypothalamus

Formed from processes of astrocytes

Protects brain from toxic water soluble compounds

Question 25

What can cross bbb

Answer 25

Very small or lipid soluble (hydrophobic, lipophillic) molecules

Question 26

What is grey matter in spinal cord divided into

Answer 26

Horns Dorsal, ventral, lateral horn

Question 27

Dorsal horn

Answer 27

Axon terminals and cell bodies of somatosensory neurons (touch, temp, pain, pressure)

Question 28

Spatial reflex arc pathway

Answer 28

1. Receptor 2. Unipolar sensory neuron 3. Integration centre 4. Motor neuron 5, effector/target

Question 29

Cerebrum grey matter: central cortex

Answer 29

Conscious brain- responsible for thoughts, voluntary movements and memories, etc

Question 30

Cerebrum grey matter: basel nuclei (or basel ganglia)

Answer 30

Assist in control of movement, surpass unwanted movement at rest

Question 31

Cerebrum grey matter: limbic systems

Answer 31

Emotional brain- fear, flight or fight,

Question 32

Limbic system includes: amygdala

Answer 32

Emotion and memory - ties to emotional meaning

Question 33

Limbic system includes: cingulate gyrus

Answer 33

Processing of emotions and regularion of behaviour

Question 34

Limbic system includes: Hippocampus

Answer 34

Learning and memory (sensory memories- ex: smelling cookies reminds you of grandma’s house

Question 35

Cerebrum white matter: association tracts

Answer 35

Transmit AP from one area of cortex to another within same hemisphere

Question 36

Cerebrum white matter: commissural tracts

Answer 36

Transmit Ap from one area of cortex to another in opposite hemispheres

Question 37

Cerebrum white matter: projection tracts

Answer 37

Run vertically from cortex to connect to deeper areas of the brain

Question 38

The 5 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and insula lobe

Answer 38

1. Motor areas 2. Special senses (auditory and olfactory) 3. General senses 4. Special senses (vision) 5. Special senses (taste)

Question 39

cerebrum: Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

Answer 39

motor speech both on left side

Question 40

Left hemisphere contains areas responsible for:

Answer 40

language and verbal (speech) skills ii. mathematical skills iii. writing skills

Question 41

right hemisphere

Answer 41

spatial visualization and analysis by touch. (often associated with artistic functions) ii. processing and recognition of emotions iii. emotional components of language – tone of voice, gestures iv. facial recognition

Question 42

Damage to Wernicke’s area

Answer 42

Receptive Aphasia Can speak, but words are mixed up or meaningless because the person is not able to connect words with their meaning. Speech is described as a non-sensical “word salad”

Question 43

damage to broca's area

Answer 43

Can understand words and their meaning, but person is not able to produce speech and has difficulty expressing ideas. Hard to get the words/sentences out due to issues with motor control.

Question 44

Thalamus

Answer 44

Sends and receives information to/from almost every area of the CNS

Question 45

hypothalamus

Answer 45

regulates the body's homeostasis (normal systematic functioning) and stimulates productions of hormones.

Question 46

Cerebellum

Answer 46

Helps to plan, initiate and coordinate voluntary movements involving skeletal muscles controls eye movement, balance

Question 47

Midbrain

Answer 47

superior and inferior colliculi are involved in movement of eyes (visual) head and neck in response to visual and auditory stimuli For example: if you are in a classroom writing a test and there is a loud noise – everyone looks up from the test to see what is happening

Question 48

Pons

Answer 48

regulate breathing handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing

Question 49

Medulla oblongata

Answer 49

the connection between the brainstem and the spinal cord

Question 50

vegetative state

Answer 50

If the brain stem is functional but higher brain centers (cerebrum) are damaged, a person is alive but has no conscious control

Question 51

locked in syndrome / cerebromedullospinal disconnect

Answer 51

person is conscious and fully aware, but is fully paralyzed due to damage to motor tracts running through anterior portions of pons/medulla