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AP Psychology > Unit 5 Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Part 2 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Problem Solving Strategies-Trial and Error

A

Repeated, varied attepts which are continued until successful (ex: Battleship)

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2
Q

Problem Solving Strategies-Algorithims

A

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem (ex: formulas in math)

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3
Q

Problem Solving Strategies-Heuristics

A

A rule of thumb strategy or mental shortcut that allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
(ex: lefty-loosey, righty-tighty)

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4
Q

Insight

A

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem (aha moment)

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5
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency to believe, once the outcome is already known, that you would have foreseen it

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6
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

An overestimation of how much other people share our beliefs and behaviors

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7
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

Imagining a correlational relationship exists when it really doesn’t

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8
Q

Intuition

A

Effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought

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9
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

A tendency to search for information that confirm one’s preconceptions

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10
Q

Fixation

A

Inability to see a problem from a new perspective

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11
Q

Mental Set (Type of Fixation)

A

Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially if it has worked in the past

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12
Q

Functional Fixedness (Type of Fixation)

A

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

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13
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype (leads to stereotyping)

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14
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory (ex: Ebola outbreak)

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15
Q

Over-confidence

A

Tendency to overestimate how accurate our judgements are

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16
Q

Belief Bias

A

Tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning

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17
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

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18
Q

Framing

A

The way info is presented influences how an individual feels about the info

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19
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

Attempt to find a single, correct answer to a problem

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20
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

Generate many unique, creative responses to a problem

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21
Q

Phonemes

A

The smallest distictive sound unit (ex: Sheep has 3 phonemes sh/ee/p)

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22
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest unit that carries meaning (ex: prefix or suffix; running has two morphemes run/ing)

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23
Q

Semanatics

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A

Set of rules by which we derive meaning (ex: if you add “ed to the end of a word)

24
Q

Syntax

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A

The order of words and phrases

25
Grammar
System of rules governing the structure and use of a language
26
Language Development Stage 1-Babbling Stage
-4 months -Babies starting to test out phenomes and limit them to the ones we need
27
Language Development Stage 2-One Word Stage (Holophrases)
-Around when babies are one -Time where babies speak in single words
28
Language Development Stage 3-Two Word stage (telegraphic speech)
-2 years -Combine words into simple commands -Misapplication of grammar is called overgeneralization
29
Language Development Stage 4
-From 2 years on, language progresses rapidly
30
Skinner's Behaviorist Theory
Positive reinforcement of appropriate grammar and language explains how children learn language
31
Chomsky's Language Acquisition Theory
Born with a language acquisition device (innate ability to learn language quickly) -Language, dialect, accents, etc. determined by the environment
32
Whorf's Linguistic Determinism
The idea that language determines the way we think (ex: Eskimo language and snow)
33
Crystallized Intelligence
Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
34
Fluid Intelligence
Ability to reason speedily and abstractly
35
G (general intelligence) Theory
-Developed by Charles Spearman -Used factor analysis which identifies clusters of related items (ej: Subdivisions of skills for mechanics)
36
Primary Mental Abilities Theory
-Created by L.L Thurstone -Opposed Spearman -Identified 7 primary mental abilities ^Word fluency, verbal comprehension, number, space, memory, perceptual speed, reasoning
37
Savant Syndrome
-Islands of genius in an individual w/ serious mental disabilities -Separate neural centers for each intelligence exist
38
Triarchic Theory
-Developed by Robert Sternberg -3 types of intelligence 1. Analytical-school smarts 2. Creative-innovative smarts 3. Practical-street smarts
39
Emotional Intelligence
Ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
40
Aptitude Tests
Assess ability to learn (ex: SATs)
41
Achievement Tests
Assess what has been learned (ex: AP exams)
42
Francis Galton
-Phrenologist: Head size/bumps determines intelligence and personality traits -Coined the term “eugenics” → human improvement through selective breeding -Intelligence is inherited
43
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
-Designed objective test to predict student achievement in France -Goal was to identify students who needed special attention -Created mental age → what an average person of a particular age should know -Test was called the Binet-Simon test
44
Lewis Terman and Will Stern
-Developed Stanford Binet test -William Stern developed the intelligence quotient (IQ) IQ=Mental age/Chronological agex100
45
Problems w/ the IQ Formula
-Mental age only makes sense during childhood
46
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
-Created by David Wechsler -15 Subtests -Most widely used IQ test
47
Robert Yerkes
-WWI IQ Test (w/ U.S Government) -Targeted immigrants and army recruits -First mass administered IQ test
48
Standardization
-Questions have been tested on the population of people similar to those who will take the test
49
Reliability
-Consistency in test
50
Validity
-The extent to which a test measures what it's supposed to measure
51
Content Validity
How well a test measures a behavior for which it was intended (ex: testing on theories of intelligence on next test)
52
Predictive Validity
Measure of future performance (ex: flight simulator for future pilot)
53
Extremes of Intelligence
-Intellectual Disability → IQ < 70 -Gifted/Genius → IQ > 140 -Average about 100 (Mensa is an international group of “geniuses”)
54
Evidence for Genetics
-Heritability → extent to which trait differences can be attributed to genes
55
Stereotype Threat
-Self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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