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BIOL 273 Physiology > Unit 5 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory system allows for: (4)

A
  1. exchange of gases between atmosphere and blood
  2. homeostatic regulation of body pH
  3. protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
  4. vocalization
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2
Q

respiratory system main processes (4):

A
  1. gas exchange between atmosphere & lungs
  2. gas exchange between lungs & blood
  3. transport of gases by blood
  4. exchange of gases between blood & tissues
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3
Q

3 “systems” of respiratory system involved in ventilation and gas exchange

A
  1. conducting system -> airways
  2. exchange surface -> alveoli
  3. pumping system -> bones & muscles of thorax
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4
Q

respiratory system can be divided into 2 parts:

A
  1. upper respiratory tract
  2. lower respiratory tract
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5
Q

upper respiratory tract components (4)

A

mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

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6
Q

lower respiratory tract components (4)

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

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7
Q

what are alveoli? where are they?

A
  • tiny hollow sacs found at ends of terminal bronchiole
  • wrapped with an extensive capillary network (covers most of alveolar surface)
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8
Q

how does gas exchange happen between alveoli and capillaries?

A

diffusion

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9
Q

two types of alveoli cells:
their functions:

A
  1. Type I alveolar cells -> large but thin
    - rapid gas diffusion
  2. Type II alveolar cells -> smaller but thicker
    - synthesize & secrete surfactant
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10
Q

how many pulmonary arteries?

A

2 (1 to each lung)

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11
Q

what is rate of blood flow like to the lungs?

A

high because all the output of right ventricle goes to lungs (versus systemic circulation from left ventricle)

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12
Q

blood pressure of respiratory system relative to systemic circuit?

A

low relative to systemic circuit because right ventricle does not pump as forcefully

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13
Q

___ and ______ allow for ventilation

A

bones and muscles of the thorax

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14
Q

relation of lungs to chest wall
- what is chest
- is it open/closed compartment; how
- what is wall formed by

A

chest = thorax

closed compartment
-closed off at top by neck muscles and connective tissue
-closed off at bottom by diaphragm

wall formed by ribs and intercostal muscles

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15
Q

where are intercostal muscles

A

between ribs

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16
Q

what are the two lungs surrounded by? what is its function

A

surrounded by the pleural sac -> forms a double membrane around each lung
-pleura is filled with fluid
-acts as a lubricant
-pleural space

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17
Q

what is the purpose of the pleural space?

A

subatmospheric; keeps lungs inflated in resting state

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18
Q

total pressure of a mixture of gases =?

A

total pressure of a mixture of gases = sum of the partial pressure of individual gases

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19
Q

gases move from ___ to ___

A

high to low pressure

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20
Q

how are volume and pressure of gases related?

A

inversely related

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21
Q

amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is determined by (2):

A
  1. partial pressure of gas
  2. solubility of gas in liquid
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22
Q

partial pressure of an atmospheric gas =?

A

Patm X %(gas in atmosphere)

eg PO2 = 760mmHg X 21% =160mmHg

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23
Q

pressure-volume relationship formula?
described by what law?

A

P1V1 = P2V2

Boyle’s Law

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24
Q

why are pressure-volume relationships critical for ventilation?

A
  • during inspiration and expiration, volume of thoracic cavity changes
  • causing changes alveolar pressure (driving force for air flow)
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25
Q

can lungs change volume on their own?

A

no, bc they dont have muscle

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26
Q

lungs are what kind of structures?

A

passive elastic (balloon-like)

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27
Q

what does lung volume depends on? (2)

A
  1. transpulmonary pressure
    -> difference between alveolar pressure & intrapleural pressure
  2. degree of lung elasticity
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28
Q

pressure inside lungs is?

A

alveolar pressure

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29
Q

pressure outside lungs?

A

pressure in intrapleural fluid

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30
Q

what is ventilation?

A

exchange of air between atmosphere and lungs

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31
Q

how do airways condition the air before reaching lungs? (3)

A
  1. warm air to 37deg C to maintain core body temp, protect alveoli
  2. add water vapor to air to prevent drying of epithelia
  3. filter out foreign material
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32
Q

how do airways filter out foreign material? (detailed)

A

airways are lined with ciliated epithelia that secrete a watery saline solution

cilia are covered with mucus (secreted by goblet cells)

mucus contains immune cells that kill invaders
mucus is moved up to the pharynx (mucus escalator)

transferred to digestive tract where more bacteria are killed

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33
Q

how is the watery saline solution in the airway created?

A
  • cells move Cl- from ECF into cell via NKCC(Na-K-Chloride-Chloride) ->
    Cl- transported to airway lumen via apical anion channel (incl FTR)
  • Na+ moves btw cells from ECF to lumen ->
    [NaCl] gradient draws water towards lumen creating WATERY SALINE solution
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34
Q

cystic fibrosis caused by?

A

mutation in a Cl- channel
- cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)

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35
Q

what are the results of cystic fibrosis?

A

-prevents appropriate secretion of water to make watery saline layer in lumen

-cilia are trapped in sticky/thick mucus

-blocks airways

-prevents proper removal of bacteria, repeated infections

lethal over time

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36
Q

during quiet breathing, expiration is a ____ process

A

passive
(depends on elastic recoil of thorax muscles and lungs)

37
Q

what muscles does active expiration use?

A

internal intercostals & abdominal muscles

38
Q

what muscles does inspiration use?

A

external intercostals & diaphragm

39
Q

inspiration steps

A
  1. somatic motor neurons trigger diaphragm and external intercostal contraction
  2. thorax expands -> increase thoracic volume
  3. alveolar and intrapleural pressure decreases
  4. lungs expand, air flows in
40
Q

expiration steps

A
  1. impulses from somatic motor neurons stop
  2. diaphragm and thoracic muscles relax which returns thorax to original positions -> decrease volume (elastic recoil)
  3. alveolar and intrapleural pressure increases
  4. elastic recoil of lungs decrease lung volume -> air flows out
41
Q

when does intrapleural pressure develop?

A

foetal development

42
Q

pneumothorax is?

A

air getting into pleural cavity, intrapleural pressure increases
-> pressure difference destroyed
-> lung collapses

43
Q

how to treat pneumothorax?

A

apply suction to remove air and seal hole

44
Q

what does the work required to breathe depend on? (2)

A
  1. compliance (stretchability) of lungs
  2. resistance to air flow in airways
45
Q

lung compliance

A

ability of lungs to stretch

lower lung compliance = harder to breathe

46
Q

lung elastance

A

degree and/or speed to return to resting lung volume

low lung elastance = expiration must be active (lung does not return on its own).

47
Q

Bronchiole diameter can be affected by ___, ___, and ____

A

nervous system, hormones, paracrines

48
Q

___ causes bronchodilation

A

CO2

49
Q

____ released in response to tissue damage or allergic reactions causes _____

A

histamine

bronchoconstriction

50
Q

neural control of bronchioles & function?

A

primarily by parasympathetic neurons that cause bronchoconstriction
- to protect lower respiratory tract from inhaled irritants

NO significant sympathetic innervation

51
Q

hormonal control of bronchioles is done primarily via ___ ___

A

circulating epinephrine
-through beta2 receptors in smooth muscles of bronchioles -> bronchodilation
-used as treatment for asthma

52
Q

instrument that measures air movement for assessment

A

spirometer

53
Q

TV =?

A

tidal volume;
amount of air moved in a single normal expiration/inspiration

54
Q

IRV?

A

inspiratory reserve volume;
maximum amount of air that can be inspired above tidal volume

55
Q

ERV?

A

expiratory reserve volume; maximum amount of air that can be expired above tidal volume

56
Q

RV?

A

residual volume;
amount of air left in lungs after maximal expiration

57
Q

the sum of two or more lung volumes is called?

A

capacity

58
Q

VC?

A

vital capacity;
maximum amount of air that can be voluntarily moved into or out of respiratory system

VC=IRV+ERV+VT

59
Q

TLC?

A

total lung capacity
TLC = VC + RV

60
Q

MV stands for?
formula?

A

minute volume

MV(mL/min) =
VT(mL/breath) X respiratory rate(breaths/min)

61
Q

anatomic dead space located airways ->?

A

no gas exchange

air in trachea, bronchi, bronchioles do not participate in gas exchange

62
Q

alveolar volume =?

A

alveolar volume = VT - dead space

63
Q

alveolar ventilation formula?

A

Alveolar ventilation =
ventilation rate X alveolar volume

(more accurate bc it considers dead space)

64
Q

ventilation is matched to ___ ___ ___

A

alveolar blood flow (to maximize gas exchange)

65
Q

increase in tissue PO2 results in _________

A

vasodilation in the arteriole

66
Q

if ventilation of alveoli in an area of the lung decreases, then ________________

A

tissue O2 in that area also decreases

67
Q

decreases in tissue po2 result in ________

A

vasoconstriction in arteriole (divert blood)

68
Q

rate of diffusion across lungs is:

  1. ___ to partial pressure gradient
  2. ___ to available surface area
  3. ___ to membrane thickness
  4. ___ over short distances
A

proportional
proportional
inversely proportional
greatest

69
Q

partial pressure gradient influenced by (2):

A
  1. composition of inspired air (affected by altitude)
  2. alveolar ventilation
    (affected by airway resistance/lung compliance)
70
Q

emphysema

A

destruction of alveoli
- physical loss of alveolar surface area

71
Q

fibrotic lung disesase

A
  • scarring thickens alveolar membrane
72
Q

pulmonary oedema

A
  • increase in interstitial fluid in lungs leads to increase in diffusion distance
73
Q

asthma

A
  • increase airway resistance, decrease ventilation
74
Q

each haemoglobin molecule can bind up to ___ oxygen molecule

A

4

75
Q

what does oxygen bind with in haeme group?

A

iron

76
Q

what is haemoglobin bound to oxygen called?

A

oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2)

77
Q

what is unbound haemoglobin called?

A

deoxyhaemoglobin (Hb)

78
Q

does increasing alveolar PO2 have an effect on percent saturation of haemoglobin?

A

not much effect

79
Q

the 3 ways CO2 is transported in blood?
the majority is through?

A
  1. dissolved in plasma
  2. interact with proteins (incl Hb)
  3. convert to bicarbonate (majority)
80
Q

what is co2 + hb called?

A

carbaminohaemoglobin (Hb X CO2)

81
Q

how is co2 converted to bicarbonate?

A

catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase (in RBCs) ->
H+ formed binds to Hb

bicarbonate ions are moved out by transporter protein (chloride shift); trade chloride for bicarbonate

82
Q

how does bicarbonate turn back into co2?

A

alveoli PCO2 lower than blood;
CO2-bicarbonate reaction shifted other way (still carbonic anhydrase)

CO2 diffuses out of RBC into plasma then alveoli

83
Q

diaphragm and intercostals are ____ muscles

A

skeletal

84
Q

contraction of respiratory muscles initiated in ___ ____
a) what nuclei are involved?

what contributes to breathing rhythm?

A

medulla oblongata

a) Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) -> inspiratory neurons (I neurons)
Ventral respiratory group (VRG) -> ACTIVE expiratory neurons (E neurons)

network of neurons called central pattern generator in medulla oblongata

85
Q

chemoreceptors can modify rhythm of central pattern generator. what 2 are involved?

A
  1. peripheral chemoreceptors
  2. central chemoreceptors
86
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A
  • located in carotid bodies -> glomus cells
  • decrease PO2 or decrease pH or increased PCO2 = faster ventilation
  • most cases, pH and PCO2 more important (PO2 needs BIG change)
87
Q

central chemoreceptors

A
  • located in medulla oblongata (most important chemical controller of ventilation)
  • higher PCO2 in arterial blood -> faster ventilation
  • CO2 crosses blood brain barrier into CSF -> activates central chemoreceptors via changes in pH from making carbonic acid
    (NOTE: sense changes of H+ in CSF, NOT in arterial blood)
88
Q

why do mechanoreceptors control ventilation?

A

to protect the lungs

89
Q

what are the 2 mechanoreceptors?

A
  1. irritant receptors - in airway mucosa
    - stimulation triggers parasympathetic neurons (bronchoconstriction)
  2. stretch receptors - in airway smooth muscle
    - triggered if lungs are over-inflated
    - terminate ventilation -> Hering-Breuer inflation reflex

BIOL 273 Physiology (6 decks)

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