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BIOL 273 Physiology > Unit 1 - Intro to Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Intro to Physiology Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Physiology = ?

A

Study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts
1) structure & function relationships
2) biological energy
3) info flow
4) homeostasis

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2
Q

Levels of Organization (6)

A

chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

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3
Q

tissue types

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
neural

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4
Q

epithelial tissue functions

A
  • protect internal env
  • regulate material exchange
  • one or more connected cell layers and basal lamina (basement membrane)
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5
Q

epithelial types

A

exchange
ciliated
secretory
transporting
protecting

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6
Q

epithelial (exchange)

A

rapid exchange of gaseous material

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7
Q

epithelial (ciliated)

A

line airways & female reproductive tract

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8
Q

epithelial (secretory)

A

synthesize & release products into external env/blood

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9
Q

epithelial (transporting)

A

selective transport of non-gaseous material

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10
Q

epithelial (protective)

A

found on body surface

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11
Q

connective tissue functions

A

provide structure & support; extensive ECM (containing proteoglycans, collagen, elastin, fibronectin)

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12
Q

connective tissue types (5)

A

loose
dense
adipose
blood
supporting

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13
Q

connective - loose

A

elastic tissue

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14
Q

connective - dense

A

strength (primary function)

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15
Q

connective - adipose

A

white and brown fat

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16
Q

connective - blood

A

watery matrix lacking insoluble protein fibers

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17
Q

connective - supporting

A

dense substances (e.g. cartilage, bone)

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18
Q

muscle tissue function

A

ability to contract -> produce force & movement

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19
Q

muscle tissue types (3)

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

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20
Q

muscle - skeletal

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A

gross body movement

21
Q

muscle - smooth

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A

influence movement of substances in/out/within body

22
Q

muscle - cardiac

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A

only in heart; contraction moves blood through body

23
Q

neural tissue function

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A

carry info from one part of body to another; v little ECM

24
Q

neural tissue types (2) & their functions

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A

neurons - carry info as electrical or chemical signals
glial cells - supporting cells for neurons

25
which of the following allows the movement of gases across epithelium? a) ciliated b) protective c) secretory d) exchange e) transport
d) exchange
26
organ systems (10)
nervous musculoskeletal circulatory respiratory immune endocrine reproductive digestive urinary integumentary
27
difference between "function" & "mechanism"?
function - why system exist? mechanism - how system work? - mechanism is studied to understand function
28
characteristics of homeostasis
- maintenance of relatively stable internal environment - auto control mechanisms
29
result of homeostasis?
oscillation around set-point
30
can setpoints change w time?
yes; acclimatization - environmentally induced change in physiological function w no genetic change
31
cell-to-cell communication mechanisms (4)
gap junction contact-dependent signals local communications long-distance communication
32
gap junction
direct cell-to-cell comms - occurs via connexons (protein channels) between adjacent cells - can open/close - in many cell types
33
contact-dependent signals
- interaction between membrane molecules on two cells - immune cells & during development
34
local communications
communication w neighbouring cells - via paracrine(act on neighbour)/autocrine (act on self) signals
35
long-distance communication
- responsibility of nervous & endocrine systems - nervous system: combination of chemical/electrical signals (e.g. neurohormones, neurotransmitters) - endocrine system: chemical signals (hormones)
36
why do some cells respond to a chemical signal and others do not?
target cells have various receptor proteins; only respond if appropriate receptor
37
receptors
usually trans-membrane proteins (or glycoproteins) usually found in plasma membrane, but can be cytosolic/nuclear
38
membrane spanning receptor (3 main regions) - think "Y"
A. extracellular domain (binding ligand) B. trans-membrane domain (hydrophobic) C. intracellular (cytoplasmic) domain (activating cellular response
39
Receptors vs Chemical signals
- receptor, not just the signal, determine type of response - any molecule binding w receptor -> response (agonist - response; antagonist - no response)
40
responses to chemical signals (4 steps)
- signaling molecule binds to receptor - activated receptor interacts w molecules inside cell to start signal - signal carried to appropriate place in cell -> signal transduction - response occurs
41
homeostasis can be maintained by local/long-distance pathways. define local control & reflex control.
local control - effects exerted on neighbouring cells reflex control - reaction in one or more organs controlled from elsewhere in body; can be any long-distance path from nervous and/or endocrine
42
Key points about homeostatic control systems (6)
- stability = result of balance between input & output - negative feedback returns variable to original condition - maintain similarity, not constancy - setpoints can be reset - some variables controlled more closely than others - most control systems require communication between cells
43
Response loop steps (7, general)
stimulus sensor/receptor afferent/input pathway integrating center efferent/output pathway target/effector response
44
Types of feed/control loops (3)
negative feedback positive feedback feedforward control
45
negative feedback
- results in a change that removes signal, returning variable to original value - allows for homeostasis (oscillation; keeps system near set-point)
46
positive feedback
- response sends a signal -> reinforce stimulus, sending variable further from set-point until external signal turns response off (e.g. labour) - NOT homeostatic - sends system temporarily out of control
47
feedforward control
- anticipatory control: predicts incoming change ->starts response loop to prevent change e.g. smelling food
48
where can receptor molecules for chemical signals be found? a) membrane b) cytosol c) nucleus d) a and c e) all
e) all

BIOL 273 Physiology (6 decks)

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