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WHAP > Unit 5 - Revolutions - Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Revolutions - Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Enlightenment

A
  • A philosophical movement (starting in Europe) in the 1700’s, then spread to the colonies.
  • It emphasized reason and the scientific method.
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2
Q

Nationalism

A

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country.

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3
Q

John Locke

A
  • 17th century English philosopher
  • Opposed the Divine Right
  • Asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property
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4
Q

Social Contract

A

An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed.

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5
Q

Philosophers

A

Writers during the Enlightenment who popularized the new ideas of the time

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6
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

A

Believed the government should have separation of power to prevent corruption and tyranny

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7
Q

Voltaire

A
  • French philosopher
  • He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government
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8
Q

Jean Jacques Rousseau

A
  • French Philosopher
  • Believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts
  • Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy
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9
Q

Adam Smith

A

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations in 1776 (a precursor to modern Capitalism)

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10
Q

Laissez-Faire

A

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy

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11
Q

Capitalism

A

An economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

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12
Q

Thomas Paine

A
  • American Revolutionary leader
  • Writer
  • Deist
  • Wrote “Common Sense” which outlined many reasons for American independence from England
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13
Q

Conservatism

A

A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion

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14
Q

Socialism

A

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

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15
Q

Utopian Socialists

A
  • Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century
  • Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively
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16
Q

Classical Liberalism

A
  • A term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of
    the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power.
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17
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women’s equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 “Vindication of the Rights of Women.”

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18
Q

Abolitionism

A

Movement to end slavery

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19
Q

Zionism

A

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine

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20
Q

Anti-Semitism

A

Prejudice and hatred against Jews

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21
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that
began in the mid-1700s

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22
Q

Industrialization

A

The process of developing machine production of goods

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23
Q

Seed Drill

A
  • Invented by Jethro Tull
  • Allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths
  • This boosted crop yields
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24
Q

Cottage Industry

A
  • Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory
  • Commonly found before the Industrial Revolution
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25
Spinning Jenny
* Invented by James Hargreaves * Allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time
26
Interchangable Parts
* Invented by Eli Whitney * If a particular component of a machine were to break, it could be replaced with a new identical component
27
Assembly Line
In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product
28
Enclosure Movements
* The 18th century privatization of common lands in England * Contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization
29
Human Capital
The skills and knowledge gained by a worker through education and experience
30
Trans-Siberian Railroad
* Constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific * Increased the Russian role in Asia
31
Company Rule
The rule or dominion of the British East India Company on the Indian subcontinent
32
James Watt
Scottish engineer/inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry
33
Coaling stations
Seaports where naval ships could fill up with coal
34
Second Industrial Revolution
* Steel * Chemicals * Electricity * The name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s
35
Alexander Graham Bell
Inventor of the telephone
36
Transcontinental Railroad
* Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US * Completed in 1869
37
Mamluks
Former Turkish slaves of the Ottoman Empire formed a military class who ruled Egypt for 600+ years
38
Muhammad Ali
* Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century * Ruled Egypt as an Ottoman emperor, but had imperial ambitions
39
Commodore Mathew Perry
Commodore of the US Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the west in 1853
40
Meiji Restoration
The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate - a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism
41
Zaibatsu
Powerful banking and industrial families in Japan
42
Corporations
Businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stocks
43
Stockholders
People or entities that own stock in a corporation and therefore are its owners
44
Monopoly
The exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service
45
Bessemer Process
A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities
46
Transnational Companies
Companies that operated across national boundaries
47
Consumerism
The preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods
48
Labor Unions
An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members
49
John Stuart Mill
English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism ## Footnote (1806-1873)
50
Utiliarianism
Idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
51
Karl Marx
German philosopher who wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848 and is considered to be the "father" of communism
52
Proletariat
Marx's term for the working class
53
Bourgeoisie
Marx's term for the middle class | Merchants, Industrialists, and Professional People
54
Communism
* A political theory derived from Karl Marx * Advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned * Each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs
55
Mahmud II
* 19th Ottoman Sultan * Built a private, professional army * Crushed the Janissaries * Initiated reform on Western precedents
56
Tanzimat
A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model
57
Self-Strengthening Movement
A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways
58
Emperor Guangxu
Chinese Emperor who (in 1898) implemented a series of reforms such as westernized... * government * schools * military
59
Tenement
A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or saftey
60
Slums
Poor, run-down urban neighborhoods
61
Working Class
A social class broadly composed of people in working blue-collar, or manual, occupations
62
White-Collar Workers
One whose work is more mental than physical and involves the handling and processing of information
63
Mass Production
Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply
64
Water Frame
* Invented by Richard Arkwright * Used water power to drive the spinning wheel

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