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World Civilizations > Unit 5: Road to Revolution > Flashcards

Unit 5: Road to Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Absolutism

A

When monarchs consolidate power, claim divine right to rule, and have a centralized government with total control.

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2
Q

How did the Treaty of Westphalia impact the rise of Absolutism in Europe?

A

Set tone for statehood, countries must respect borders, and leaders should have control of their land only.

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3
Q

Monarch

A

A single person who is the head of state

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4
Q

Absolute Monarch

A

One person has total control over a state, often claiming a divine right to rule

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5
Q

Divine Right

A

Chosen by a higher power to rule

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6
Q

What were some political policies or accomplishments of Catherine the Great?

A

Promoted Russian art, culture, and educational reforms, reorganized law code and administration, expanded territory, significant economic growth.

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7
Q

How did the people respond to Catherine the Great’s leadership?

A

She was seen as a symbol of Russian pride, but her harsh expansionist policies were viewed negatively outside Russia.

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8
Q

What was the state of Russia when Catherine the Great’s rule ended?

A

Russia’s territory and culture were greatly expanded, leaving positive impacts on administration and legal codes.

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9
Q

What drove the Enlightenment?

A

A new logical way of thinking, including the Scientific Method, began to be applied to everyday life. This challenged century-old ideals and religion.

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10
Q

What was the goal of the Enlightenment?

A

To improve society through reason, natural law, hope, and progress in civil rights.

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11
Q

Isaac Newton

A

Created the laws of motion, applied new ways of thinking, natural laws could be applied to societal ideas.

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12
Q

John Locke

A

Believed in Tabula Rosa/Blank Slate, that knowledge comes from the environment, and power should be in hands of the people

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13
Q

Philosophes

A

Professors, journalists, economists, scientists - typically middle/upper class white men, wanted to improve society

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14
Q

Montesquieu

A

Applied Scientific Method to social/political elements, 3 types of government, organized England’s government to monarchy with checks and balances

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15
Q

Voltaire

A

Dropped out of law to become playwright, wrote literature criticizing Christianity, believed in Deism, wanted individual freedom

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16
Q

Diderot

A

Was “supposed” to be a lawyer and member of church, instead wrote against Christianity, advocated for many new ideas

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17
Q

Physiocrats

A

Led by Francois Quesnay, believed laws of nature applied to economics, individuals allowed to pursue their own interests

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18
Q

Adam Smith

A

Supported physiocrats, believed government should protect from invasion/injustice and keep up public utilities

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19
Q

Thomas Hobbs

A

Wondered how there could ever be order and peace, thought group of powerful people should rule, without power there is chaos

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20
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

Said it was man’s creation (government) that enslaved them, humans should have complete free will

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21
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

Founded feminism in Europe, questioned discussions men had about government and their relations to women’s rights

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22
Q

What was the impact of the Enlightenment?

A

Introduced new ideals surrounding science and natural law, challenged the church and old ideals, led groundwork for revolution

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23
Q

What were the 6 main causes of the American Revolution?

A

Colonial discontent, european mercantilism, the enlightenment, the French and Indian War, taxation w/o representation, the Boston Massacre

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24
Q

Colonial discontent’s impact on the American Revolution

A

Colonists saw themselves as Americans and seperate from the British.

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25
European Mercantilism's impact on the American Revolution
Restricted the trade/commerce of the 13 colonies and took advantage of them - colonists wanted independence
26
Mercantilism
When a nation increases wealth/power by exporting more than they import
27
The Enlightenment's impact on the American Revolution
Encouraged civil rights, limited government control, and intellectual ideals
28
The French and Indian War's impact on the American Revolution
Left France/Britain in debt so heavily taxed Americans, could not flourish with the heavy taxes
29
Taxation w/o Representation's impact on the American Revolution
Currency Acts, Stamp Acts, and Quartering Act restricted colonist's ability to grow economically.
30
Currency Acts
No currency could be made by the 13 colonies, must use British currency
31
Stamp Acts
Required a tax on all official papers/publications - proof of tax through stamp, allowed for British to profit and censor colonists
32
Quartering Act
Colonists were required to house British Troops if asked under any circumstances
33
The Boston Massacre's impact on the American Revolution
Was a deadly riot on King Street, brawl between colonists and a British soldier, escalated and colonists were killed
34
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
35
Alexander Hamilton's importance in the American Revolution
Created most of the Federalist papers, in charge of the treasury
36
Results of the Treaty of Paris
13 colonies became independent of British rule, US constitution is implemented, established American borders, British troops must leave
37
George Washington's impact on the American Revolution
Major general of the war, first American President
38
The impact of the American Revolution
13 colonies separate from British and become the USA, embodied the ideals of the Enlightenment, inspired other countries to revolt
39
Social/political situation in france pre-revolution
Very unbalanced - rich were too rich and poor were too poor, rich had a lot of political power
40
First Estate - Clergy
Owned 10% of land, high clergy supported nobility and parish priests supported commoners
41
Second Estate - Nobility
Owned 25-30% of land, held many high-ranking positions
42
Third Estate - Commoners
Owned 35-40% of land, was 70-80% of the population, and held the economy on their back
43
Bourgeoisie
High-profiting business owners easily earned their way to nobility - in 18th century 6500 new noble families
44
Louis XVI
Lacked a strong character and was unequipped for rule
45
Marie Antionette
Was married off to ally France and Austria, French commoners disliked her because of her excessive spending and attitude
46
Relics of Feudalism
The characteristics of an absolute monarchy
47
The 6 main Causes of the French Revolution
Social inequality, the American Revolution, excessive court spending, two bad consecutive harvests, growing unemployment/poverty, monarchial control
48
Estates General
Purpose was to stop unrest and unite France, instead commoners broke away and created National Assembly
49
Tennis Court Oath
National Assembly met in a tennis court and wouldn't leave until constitution was implemented
50
Storming of Bastille Prison
A symbol of removing oppression, an armory was captured
51
Peasant Uprising (France)
Peasants attacked rural estates, known as the Great Fear
52
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Similar to Declaration of Independence, declared all Frenchmen equal and called for government reform
53
March on Versailles
Food shortages and taxes angered women, they stormed the Palace of Versailles w/ support of National Guard
54
Flight to Varennes
Louis XIV and his family escape Palace to Austria - were discovered and returned to palace under house arrest
55
Legislative Assembly divides
Divided into 2 factions, one more radical than the other
56
Girondins vs Austria
Girondins declared war against Austria and lost badly
57
National Assembly falls short
Did not have enough funding, unity, or influence to continue
58
Establishment of National Convention
Abolished the Monarchy, made up of lawyers/other professionals, Louis XIV is executed, resulted in European countries uniting against France
59
Committee of Public Safety
Under control of National Convention, executed many people, resulted in the Reign of Terror
60
The Directory
Reduced power of the Committee of Public Safety but abused its own power
61
Royalists
Wanted the monarchy back
62
Radicalists
Wanted the constitution to be implemented
63
Napoleon Bonaparte
Quickly rose through military ranks, became the first consul of French Government, crowned himself emperor, expanded France and encouraged Global War
64
Congress of Vienna
Purpose was to ensure no more revolutions occured, created new European borders and reinstated organized rule
65
Impact of the French Revolution
Ended monarchy in France, encouraged the rise of nationalism, disestablished the Catholic Church, and inspired revolution elsewhere
66
What were the 2 most profitable crops in Saint-Domingue?
Coffee and sugarcane
67
Grand Blancs
Top of the social pyramid, directly translates to Grand Whites
68
Petits Blancs
The poor whites of Saint-Domingue, often laborers and artisans.
69
Free people of color
Not very respected and weren't treated equally, but were allowed land and some rights. Still considered below Petits Blancs on the social ladder.
70
Enslaved people
Slaves often owned by the Grand Blancs. At the bottom of the social ladder.
71
Conditions in Saint-Domingue
Low life expectancy (16 years), harsh working conditions and punishments
72
When/how did the Haitian Revolution began?
Began August of 1791, important leaders gave speeches and communicated through religious ceremonies including Vodou
73
Toussaint Louverture
Allied w/ spanish against France to win revolution, then allied with France due to them abolishing slavery and became and important general/politician
74
When was slavery abolished in Haiti?
1794 by the French National Assembly
75
Napoleon Bonaparte's impact on the Haitian Revolution
Tried to recapture Haiti and reinstate slavery, but lost against Haitian revolutionaries.
76
When did Haiti declare independence?
January 1st, 1804
77
When did Haiti write their first constitution?
1805 by Jean-Jacques Dessalines
78
How did the Enlightenment impact the abolishment of slavery?
The Enlightenment encouraged equal rights of all men, these ideals continued to spread - set groundwork, but moved very slowly
79
Peninsulares
European born individuals who held a high social status
80
Creoles
Descendants of Europeans born in Latin America
81
Mestizos
The children of Native Americans and Europeans
82
Affranchis
Free people of color who sought to be equal to whites
83
Mulattoes
The children of Europeans and Africans
84
Causes of the Haitian Revolution
Frustrated free people of color, inspired by French/American revolutions, soldiers from American Revolution wanted freedom, brutal conditions of slavery
85
Social Revolution
A revolution that focuses on the reform of social equality and often includes civil rights
86
Political Revolution
A revolution that focuses on a change in government or separates nations/states
87
The Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen
Similar to the Rights of Man and Citizen - an attempt to bring women's rights to light
88
The Toussaint Constitution
The constitution made by Toussaint Louverture for Haiti
89
Social Contract
What Rousseu wrote that declares everyone should have complete free will
90
Tyranny
When an individual rises to power without election or hierarchy
91
Emanciapation
Freedom from slavery
92
Diaspora
A blend of African/indigenous communities and culture
93
Rousseau
Wrote the social contract and is known for theorizing about the "general will" of the people
94
Robespierre
Was in charge of the Committee of Public Safety, executed many in his power.

World Civilizations (4 decks)

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