Unit 6 Flashcards by Rowan Moore

What is a microorganism, and give two examples.

Microorganisms are small living things that can only be seen under a microscope e.g. polio virus, yeast fungus.

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How can a microscope be used safely?

First, put the slide onto the stage and angle the mirror until you can see the subject. Then, adjust the focus wheel until you can clearly see the subject.

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How do you calculate the magnification of a microscope?

Eye peice lens × objective lens

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Do microorganisms come in different sizes?

Yes

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State some examples of useful products that can be made with microorganisms.

Bread, cheese, and fruit juice.

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Why can some microorganisms be harmful?

There can sometimes be deadly or harmful viruses that can cause illness.

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What can yeast be used to make?

Bread

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What is the word equation for the fermentation in yeast?

Sugar ➡️ alcohol + carbon dioxide

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Are bacteria required to make yoghurt?

Yes

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What is one useful and one harmful bacteria?

Useful- Bitidobacteria (helps to break down food). Harmful- E.coli (can cause food poisoning).

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What are antibiotics?

Antibiotics are chemicals that can kill bacteria.

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What did Alexander Fleming do with antibiotics?

He discovered the first antibiotics, penicillin.

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What are enzymes?

Enzymes are substances that speed up chemical reactions. Some enzymes can build up or break down new substances. They are also found in all living cells.

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What is the enzyme used to make cheese?

Renet

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How is renet used to make cheese?

When the renet is added to milk, it helps speed up the reaction and build up the solid curds, which can make cheese.

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Why do detergents contain enzymes?

Because enzymes break down the stains on clothes.

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Are some people allergic to lactose found in milk?

Yes. (Well duh)

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How can enzymes be used to make lactose-free milk?

The enzyme ( lactace) gets trapped in a jelly bead, and the milk is poured through the beads, making it lactose free.

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Which enzymes can be used to make fruit juice?

Pectinase, and cellulase.

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Why are these used in fruit juice production?

Pectinase breaks down the pectin, holding the cells together, therefore reducing its binding action. Cellulase breaks down the cellulose to weaken the cell walls and make it easier to extract the juice.

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What is the shape and volume of each state of matter?

Solid always has the same volume and shape, liquid cannot change its volume but can change shape, gas can change both volume and shape.

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How are the partials arranged in each state of matter?

In solids, the partials are tightly arranged in straight lines, in liquids the partials are a bit more random, but most are still touching, and finally in gasses, the partials are fast moving are spread out.

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How do the partials move in the different states of matter?

In solids, the partials just vibrate. In liquids, they move around slowly, and in gasses, the partials move very quickly.

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What are three partials that are found in an atom?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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What is the structure of an atom?

The outside of an atom is called the shell and is where all of the electrons are. In side the shell, there is the nucleus, which is where all of the protons and neutrons are.

What is the atomic number?

The number of protons or electrons in an atom.

What is the relationship between the number of protons and the number of electrons in an atom?

The number of protons is always the same as the number of electrons.

What is the mass number?

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

What would the atomic and mass number of an atom be if it had seven protons and nine neutrons?

Mass-16 Atomic-7

If the mass number of an atom is 26, and the atomic number is 10, what would the amount of protons, neutrons, and electrons be?

Protons-10 Neutrons-16 Electrons-10

What would you do to identify the gas hydrogen?

You would put a light splint into a test tube of the gas, and if it makes a loud popping sound, then it is hydrogen.

If I put a glowing splint into a test tube, waiting to see if it will relight, then what gas am I testing for?

Oxygen

How would someone do a gas test for carbon dioxide?

By adding some of the gas into some lime water, and seeing if it will go cloudy.

What uses photosynthesis in the carbon cycle?

Plants

What do all breathing things do in the carbon cycle?

Respiration

A factory would do what in the carbon cycle?

Combustion

Describe the carbon cycle

The carbon feeds plants that will eventually die and fossilise in the ground until it is burned as fuel in a factory, which releases the carbon back into the air.

What are the balance of gasses in the air?

Most of the air consists of nitrogen, but about a quarter is oxygen, with a little bit of argon and other mixed gasses.

Exactly how much of the air is nitrogen, or oxygen.

The air is 78% Nitrogen and 21% Oxygen

Describe an experiment that demonstrates that about 21% of the air is oxygen.

If you fill a basin with water and put a lit candle in the middle, after that, put a jar over the candle and mark how high the water is. Then, wait a few seconds and observe the difference in water levels. ( measure the difference in water levels then ÷ it by the height of the jar to give results)

What is static electricity?

Static electricity is generated when an object either gains or loses electric charge in the form of electrons.

How is static produced?

It is caused by the transfer of electrons between objects.

What are static electricity uses?

It can be used for the Van De Graaf Generator

What do you need to do to draw an accurate circuit?

Drawn in pencil, always use a ruler, always use circuit symbols, always draw connecting wires as straight lines.

Identify two conducters and two insulators

Copper and sea water. Plastic and glass.

What is electrical current?

A flow of negative charge around a circuit.

How would you measure the current in a simple series circuit?

You could measure it with an ammeter connected in the circuit.

How would the components be arranged in a series circuit?

In a series circuit, everything is connected in one loop.

How does the current flow in a series circuit?

The current is the same at all points in a series circuit.

How is the voltage measured in a series circuit?

The voltage in a series circuit is shared between components.

How are the components arranged in a parallel circuit?

In a parallel circuit, the components are arranged like a series circuit but with an extra circuit added on.

Describe how the current flows in a parallel circuit.

In a parallel circuit, the current is split up.

How is voltage measured in a parallel circuit?

In a parallel circuit, the voltage is the same throughout the circuit.

Describe how basic electric circuits work.

An electrical circuit works by connecting up a power source to different components with a conductive material like wire.

What are the advantages to parallel circuits in comparison to series circuits?

In a parallel circuit, if one bulb gets broken, the other lights will stay on. When in a series circuit, if one thing breaks, the whole thing doesn't work.

Can fruit and vegetables produce electricity?

Yes, generally, more acidic fruits produce a higher voltage.

What are the advantages of using electricity in transport?

Fossil fules are a finite resource, meaning that they will eventually run out.

What is one disadvantage to using electricity for transport?

Sometimes, the charging for electrical transport can be untrustworthy or take too long to charge.

What are the three steps to completing a graph?

Add labels, draw axis, and plot points

What are two things you could do to make an experiment more reliable?

Repeat it, or try it with different variables.

What's an easy way to write a good conclusion?

Reword the aim.

How would you work out how many electrons were in an atom?

Mass number - amount of protons

What are two ways you can tell how many electrons there are?

The amount of protons is always the same as the amount of electrons and the atomic number! Or you can take away the neutrons from the mass number.

What is the one way ( in the carbon cycle) that the carbon will come back into our atmosphere?

Photosynthesis

What are the two ways that carbon will leave our atmosphere?

Combustion and respiration