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History > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Abdul Hamid II

A

Last sultan of Ottoman empire, purged Young Ottomans, but forced by Young Turks to restore constitution, checking his power. Lost Russo-Turkish war.

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2
Q

Boxer Rebellion

A

Qing China - “Society of righteous and harmonious fists” led nationalist movement to fully rid china of foreigners and Christians. Backed by emperor Cixi, but failed to Europeans because no government approval.

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3
Q

capitulations

A

Ottoman Empire - agreements which exempted Europeans from Ottoman law, taxes. Lifted during Tanzimat Era.

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4
Q

Cixi

A

Manchu Chinese Empress, but backs Boxer rebellion. supported self-strengthening movement, repressed Hundred days reforms because they were too disruptive.

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5
Q

cohong

A

Qing Chinese - government licensed Chinese firms who sold under strict regulation, restricting European trade/exploitation.

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6
Q

Commodore Matthew C. Perry

A

Japan - American navy commander, pressures Shogun with advanced steam powered fleet called “the black ships.” Forces trade and unequal treaties with Japan.

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7
Q

Crimean war

A

Russian Empire - Russia cannot withstand industrial powers of western Europe such as England and France, and agricultural economy can’t support. Countries fight over control of the Ottoman Empire.

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8
Q

Duma

A

Russia’s first parliament implemented by Sergei Witte in response to tyrannical rule of Nicholas II

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9
Q

Emancipation Manifesto

A

Russia - emancipated 23 million serfs, but most ended up in debt and upper class didn’t benefit. This relaxed rules and allowed for fewer secret police.

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10
Q

Fukuzawa Yukichi

A

Japan - Learned English, studied abroad, argued for equality before the law in Japan like in US constitution and western Europe

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11
Q

Hundred days reforms

A

Qing China - because of lost land to Europeans, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao interpreted confucianism so it allowed for consitutional monarchy and industrialism instead of traditional government and culture.

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12
Q

Ito Hirobumi

A

Japan - Studied constitutions and administrative systems in Europe, used German constitution to draft governing document for Japan. Nationalist who connected japanese emperor with democracy, mixing Japanese identity and religion with Western forms.

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13
Q

Janissaries

A

Ottoman Empire - previous military backbone who grew politically powerful and refused technological advancement, training. Revolted, killed troops and locked up Sultan. threatened by Selim III and massacred by Mahmud II

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14
Q

Lin Zexu

A

Qing Chinese - Official who tried to stop Opium trade by destroying 20,000 chests in 1839. Started Opium war, emperor blames it on him.

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15
Q

Mahmud II

A

Ottoman Empire - Sultan Separated religion and state, massacres revolting janissaries, implements European drillmasters, uniforms, weapons, tactics, scientific academies, replacing mosque schools, and taxed traditional elites and abolished land grants

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16
Q

Meiji restoration

A

Japan - Emperor Mutsuhito, reversed unequal treaties,, sent officials abroad to study Western ideas, hired foreign experts for economic development, stopped military government, Meiji Constitution for constitutional monarchy with the “diet” legislature, weak parliament, removed special powers from nobility, remodeled with Western technology, removed barriers on internal trade.

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17
Q

Muhammad Ali

A

Ottoman (Egypt) - built powerful army modeled on European forces, ruled Egypt - autonomous within Ottoman Empire.

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18
Q

Mutsuhito

A

Japan - emperor during Meiji reforms, closed Japan off to foreign intervention in order to rebuild.

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19
Q

Nicholas II

A

Russia - emperor who wanted absolute rule and resisted Duma, promoted modernization but started Russo-Japanese war, which they lost, Killed 130 in a peaceful workers protest

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20
Q

Opium War

A

Chinese (Qing) - Europeans traded opium to get an advantage in limited trade with China, led to war where British industrial naval power (steam power) proved superior to China’s old firepower.

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21
Q

pogroms

A

Russian Empire - nationalist sentiment, anti Jewish riots because Jews not part of Russian identity (Russification)

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22
Q

Qing

A

Manchu dynasty in China, government could not foster nationalism because they were seen as foreigners

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23
Q

Samurai

A

high status military before Meiji reforms, where they no longer could carry swords or wear their hair in topknots. Deprived them of military monopoly, gave them bonds, but those lost value.

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24
Q

Self Strengthening movement

A

China (Qing) - reform program in response to Taiping revolution, wanted to make confucian government with foreign technology. Gave money to leaders to strengthen military and economy, tried to blend Chinese culture with industrial technology and education, but failed because of doubtful elites.

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25
Sergei Witte
Russian Empire - minister of finance, advisor who advocated for beneficial economic policies, trans-siberian railway which allowed for mass-settlement and industrialization, loans from Europe to industrialize, implemented the Duma.
26
Sultan Selim III
Ottoman Empire - began to fall behind in tactics, weaponry, training, so he remodeled army based on European army and repressed Janissaries.
27
Taiping rebellion
Chinese (Qing) - Hong Xiuquan, influenced by Christianity and resentment of confucianism, 1-2 million Taiping revolutionaries, advocated for Han government, abolition of private property, free public education, equality for men and women, but failed to high class and government, 20-30 million deaths
28
Tanzimat Era
Ottoman Empire - Young Ottomans, inspired by liberalist western ideas, constitutions, and the enlightenment, modernized military, lifted capitulations, extended all rights to non-muslims, got rid of ulama (religious authority) for nationalist authority
29
Tokugawa Bakufu
Japan - feudal government before Meiji reforms, contained a shogunate where emperor had only cultural power.
30
Treaty of Nanjing
China (Qing) - unequal treaty with Britain, giving them extraterritoriality (Hong Kong) where British law applies, opened up ports, British not subject to Chinese law
31
Tsar Alexander II
(Russia) - liberal reforms, issued emancipation manifesto, stolypin reforms failed to create class of peasant landowners, promoted zemstvos.
32
unequal treaties
(China, Japan) - treaties with western powers in the face of military overtake, allowed for missionaries, trading, extraterritoriality, no tariffs.
33
Xiuquan
China - "Jesus' little brother" leads taiping revolution to establish the "taiping Tianguo" - Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace
34
Young Turks
(Ottoman) - very liberal, secular government and constitution, create Turkish domination in Ottoman empire/nationalism (Turkish speaking, muslim), founded by exiled Ottomans in Paris, forced Abdul Hamid to restore constitution, wanted to make smaller, homogeneous empire.
35
Zaibatsu
(Japan) - small group of private investors who came to economic power after Meiji reforms due to increased commerce and activity.
36
zemstvos
(Russia) - elected district assemblies, all classes represented but landowning majority, subordinate to tsarist rule
37
Berlin West Africa Conference
Bismarck’s wanted to make overseas german colonies to compete with the British, 12 delegates of European states as well as US and Ottomans made rules for division of African territories, avoiding war by official claims, had to have "noble minded objectives"- end to slave trade, conversion, or increased commerce
38
Cecil John Rhodes
British entrepreneur who built fortune by exploiting African laborers in diamond mines, advocated for British Imperialism
39
direct rule
typical of French colonies, European full government, removal of strong African kings and leaders, downsides were lack of personnel and inability to understand language or culture
40
East India Company
(British) - grew colonization out of trade of pepper, cotton, tea, conquested India in 1750 due to weak emperor Aurangzeb, suppressed religion, created "doctrine of Lapse"- when ruler has no male heir, surrenders territory to company
41
Emilio Aguinaldo
US in Philippines - "George Washington of Philippines" led rebels into war with US because failed promise of independence.
42
Great Game
Tactical battle between British and Russians for central Asia - Military officers and imperialist adventurers pursue influence and intelligence, originally for war to undermine British in India, but Russia gets lots of central Asia, Dutch get Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) for resources, British get Burma (Myanmar) for resources, British get Malaysia for ports (Thomas Stamford Raffles), French get Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos for conversion.
43
indentured labor
indentured labor trade, imperial powers used Chinese indentured servants to work on islands, a form of labour in which a person or an indenture agrees to work for someone without any salary
44
Indian National Congress
Talked about transfer of wealth from India to England, Alliance with Indian-muslim league, Leaders who used European ideas against European rule, later leads to independence
45
indirect rule
Started by Frederick D. Lugard, primarily used by British, used already developed indigenous government and customary laws, resourceful but many misunderstandings of actual tribal boundaries
46
Khoikhoi
Dutch in South Africa - indigenous peoples who were decimated by war, epidemics, and enslavement
47
Leopold II
Belgium in Congo - wanted to become major country like British and French through colonization, privately owned Congo Free State, exploited laborers for rubber harvest, killing 4-8 million Congolese
48
Lili'uokalani
US in Hawaii - Christian queen, advocates to draft constitution which restores monarchy, advocates for equal voting rights, but is overthrown as William McKinley acquires island for sugar plantations
49
Maori
British in New Zealand - indigenous peoples whose population is decimated, forced to sign treaty of Waitangi
50
mission civilisatrice
French Imperialist idea after defeat in Franco-Prussian war, used "civilizing mission" as justification for conquests in Africa and Asia
51
Monroe Doctrine
President James Monroe issues proclamation, warning Europeans against colonization in the Western Hemisphere. It claimed the Americas for the US, justified US intervention in Hemispheric affairs, left economic benefits to American entrepreneurs
52
Battle of Omdurman
British in Sudan - British used developed weaponry as the first step of British colonialism in Sudan, killing 20,000
53
the Origin of Species
scientific literature by Charles Darwin, considered to be foundation of evolutionary biology, used by racists to explain European dominance
54
Panama Canal
Theodore Roosevelt, US facilitates rebellion in Columbia, Creates breakaway state of Panama, in return for Panama canal, helped communication and transportation between oceans
55
Ram Mohan Roy
Hindu Nationalist in India, worked with christians to establish education for women, mobilized educated Hindus, supported popular sovereignty
56
Roosevelt Corollary
US right to intervene in hemispheric affairs if they cannot protect US investment, Strengthened military and economic claims
57
Russo-Japanese War
Imperial Japan - Conflicts of territory in Northern China, Japanese navy destroys Russian fleet, wins colonial authority over Korea, South Manchuria railroad, economic interests in Southern Manchuria to Japan
58
scientific racism
pushed by intellectuals globally as the truth, justifies imperialism, race is most important index of human potential, and Europeans were superior to all others, because European dominance, they are a “Higher stage of evolution”
59
Scramble for Africa
triggered by Bismarcks Berlin West Africa Conference, a race for European countries to settle people and exploit labor and resources such as gold, ivory, palm oil, and manufactured goods. brought to attention by explorer Dr. David Livingstone, journalist Henry Stanley
60
South African War/Boer war
Dutch + British in South Africa - Brits and Afrikaners fought over land and resources of Orange Free State and the Transvaal territories, expensive and hard battle because both sides industrialized, British win and unite republics into Union of South Africa
61
Spanish-Cuban-American War
US imperialism in Cuba - battleship explodes, US declares war on Spanish and their colonies Cuba, puerto rico, Guam, Philippines, navy overtakes everything
62
Suez Canal
British occupy Egypt to protect British interests in Suez Canal, claim they need to stabilize the country from military rebellion
63
survival of the fittest
term used by social darwinists to explain development of societies, Because of European dominance, they are genetically superior, removes moral responsibility from forced labor, conquest
64
terra nullius
British in Australia - means "land belonging to no one" because aboriginals don't believe in private property - justification for exploitation
65
Treaty of Waitangi
British in New Zealand - forced Maori leaders to sign for "protection", but translated so that British had colonial control of New Zealand
66
Xhosa
indigenous peoples in South Africa - populations decimated by war, epidemics, and enslavement
67
Tsar Alexander I
first wanted to practice russian nationalism, but after Napoleon invasion switched to being a protector of all christians
68
Tsar Nicholas I
Strict censorship Serfdom necessary Orthodoxy Absolute ruler Nationalist
69
Tsar Alexander III
Angry that liberalism caused death of father, Temporary regulations (1881) Secret police back in universities
70
Townshend Harris
first American diplomat in Japan - “Harris Treaty” “Treaty of Amity” (1858) Made Japan and America become friends, exchange of commerce and diplomats
71
Menelik II
emperor of Ethiopia, industrializes country before attempts at colonization, fends of Western powers
72
Rudyard Kipling
English writer and poet, “white man's burden” - duty of European and American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant places. American justification for colonization
73
Captain James Cook
British explorer credited with first encounter with Australia
74
“The Rabbit proof fence”
Arrival of rabbits caused them to build fences so they wouldn't take over the continent, Symbol of environmental and cultural destruction of the British, Metaphor of British seeing the Aboriginals as rabbits, or just annoyances
75
Nephrology
Herbert spencer - Superficial physical appearance, skull analysis determines traits of races

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