Unit 7 Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
A Chinese cultural and political movement in 1919, protesting foreign imperialism, emphasizing Lu Xun’s ideas.
A
May 4th Movement
2
Q
A forced march of 60,000–80,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war by the Japanese military in 1942. they were abused and not given water on the way to a prison camp in the Philippines
A
Bataan Death March
3
Q
Style of government that claims modern economies need state direction, relies heavily on mass organizations, uses terror as a way to establish government. Enforces obedience and limits freedom.
A
Authoritarian
4
Q
The pseudoscientific belief that certain races are superior to others, used by the Nazis to justify discriminatory policies and the Holocaust.
A
Scientific Racism
5
Q
Caused by nations depending on America for loans, Mass societies feeling more unstable and vulnerable to change, challenged Laissez-Faire liberalism
Idea that free markets should regulate themselves.
A
Great Depression
6
Q
A peace treaty signed in 1918 between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers, ending Russia’s involvement in World War I. They had to give up land, industry, and Austrian PoWs. Lenin, Bolsheviks promised people to withdraw from ww1.
A
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
7
Q
The dictator who ruled Spain after winning the Spanish Civil War, establishing a fascist, authoritarian regime that lasted until his death in 1975.
A
Francisco Franco
8
Q
Events such as the great depression which led to Nazi rule in Germany
A
Economic Conditions
9
Q
An independent city/LoN protectorate and port that became a focal point of Nazi expansion into Poland, leading to the start of WWII. Poland used it to access the baltic sea for economic gain
A
Danzig
10
Q
The 1917 revolution in Russia that overthrew the Provisional Government and brought the Bolsheviks to power.
A
October Revolution
11
Q
Leader of the Russian Provisional Government during the 1917 Revolution before the Bolshevik takeover.
A
Alexander Kerensky
12
Q
Large, government funded corporations which played a key role in Japanese economy and military during the early 20th century.
A
Zaibatsu
13
Q
The site of a Japanese POW camp in the Philippines, where many American prisoners suffered harsh conditions.
A
Cabantuan
14
Q
The political organization behind the Young Turks, which seized control of the Ottoman Empire in 1908.
A
Committee of Union & Progress
15
Q
A Marxist/communist political party in Russia, split into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks.
A
Social Democrats
16
Q
A German naval policy during World War I, where submarines would sink any ship around Britain, including neutral and civilian vessels.
A
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
17
Q
A line of fortifications built by France along its eastern border with Germany to defend against invasion, which was bypassed by the Germans in 1940. Thinking trench warfare will continue, guns face only towards Germany.
A
Maginot Line
18
Q
The two Japanese cities bombed by the United States in August 1945, leading to Japan’s surrender. Chronologically, “little boy,” then “fat man”
A
Hiroshima, Nagasaki
19
Q
the Massacre where Japanese soldiers committed atrocities against Chinese civilians and prisoners of war in 1937.
A
Rape of Nanking
20
Q
The alliance between Fascist Italy (Mussolini) and Nazi Germany (Hitler) during WWII.
A
Rome-Berlin Axis
21
Q
A precision aiming device used by U.S. bombers during WWII to improve the accuracy of strategic bombing missions.
A
Norden Bomb Sight
22
Q
Government which achieves extreme hegemony, many support exceptionally brutal methods. High levels of coercion and propaganda. controls entire economy, single party and ideology, terroristic police control. Mussolini’s Italy, Hitler’s Germany, Stalin’s Soviet Union.
A
Totalitarian
23
Q
A Russian author, ethnically Ukrainian, whose works criticized pre-war Russian society. He wrote “the overcoat.”
A
Nicolai Gogol
24
Q
A significant battle in Egypt in 1942 where the British halted Axis forces, prevented Nazis from getting oil in the East.
A
Battle of El Alamein
25
economic hardship, political oppression, and social unrest.
Causes of Revolution
26
The period between September 1939 and April 1940 at the start of WWII, characterized by little military action by France and Germany on the Western Front.
Phony War
27
A German military strategy during World War I to avoid a two-front war by first defeating France and then turning to fight Russia. Count Alfred von...
Schlieffen Plan
28
The 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany, furthering Hitler's expansionist aims.
Anschluss
29
A war (1904-1905) between Russia and Japan for control of territory in Eastern Asia that resulted in a humiliating defeat for Russia.
Russo-Japanese War
30
A region between France and Germany, fought over in both World Wars, with France reclaiming it after WWI in the Treaty of Versailles.
Alsace-Lorraine
31
The capital of Russia during the Russian Revolution, known today as St. Petersburg. Center of revolution and the network of discontent workers.
Petrograd
32
Ethnic Germans living outside Germany, particularly in Eastern Europe, who were targeted by Nazi propaganda and policies.
Volksdeutsche
33
The German Air Force during WWII, known for its bombing campaigns and the Battle of Britain.
Luftwaffe
34
The political party led by Adolf Hitler, also known as the Nazi Party, which promoted fascism, anti-Semitism, and German nationalism.
National Socialist Party
35
A technology used by the British during WWII to detect incoming German aircraft, vital for the defense during the Battle of Britain.
Radar
36
Leader of the Communist Party of China, who later established the People's Republic of China.
Mao Zedong
37
A period from 1868 to 1912 when Japan underwent rapid modernization and industrialization, transitioning from a feudal society to an imperial power.
Meiji Restoration
38
Military defeats, food shortages, and political instability.
Problems with Russia in WWI
39
A political movement in the Ottoman Empire aiming for constitutional reforms and modernization during WWI, also known as "the Committee of Union & Progress"
Young Turks
40
The tactic of bombing large areas, often indiscriminately, to destroy enemy infrastructure and morale.
Area (carpet) Bombing
41
a Roman symbol of authority (bundle of sticks and axe) that became associated with Italian rule.
An authoritarian, nationalist political ideology that emphasizes the power of the state, militarism, and loyalty to a central leader.
Fasces / Fascism
42
The slogan used by the Bolsheviks to rally support during the October Revolution. Wanted to appease peasants, advocated for land reform.
Peace, Bread, Land
43
A military retreat by the Chinese Communist Party in 1934-1935, which helped solidify Mao Zedong's leadership.
Long March
44
The last major German offensive on the Western Front in late 1944, ultimately repelled by the Allies.
Battle of the Bulge
45
A bombing technique using firebombs designed to start fires, used extensively during WWII.
Incendiary Bombing
46
French and British leaders during the Paris Peace Talks of 1919, playing key roles in the Treaty of Versailles.
Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George
47
A region in Czechoslovakia with a large ethnic German population, which Hitler demanded Chamberlain be ceded to Germany in 1938, leading to the Munich pact.
Sudetenland
48
The Nazi policy of territorial expansion, aiming to acquire "living space" for the German people, primarily in Eastern Europe.
Lebensraum
49
A Russian poet and playwright, widely considered the father of modern Russian literature. Criticized Russia's autocracy.
Alexander Pushkin
50
The air force of the United Kingdom, crucial in defending Britain during WWII.
Royal Air Force (RAF)
51
A failed Allied campaign in WWI to take control of a Peninsula from the Ottoman Empire, attempting to open warm water supply line to Russia, who is cut off from resources.
Gallipoli
52
A major Allied power during WWI, first ruled by Tsar Nicholas II until revolution by Lenin and the Bolsheviks
Russia
53
Leader of Nazi Germany responsible for the outbreak of WWII and the Holocaust. Wrote “Mein Kampf,” legally gained power, racial purity, a totalitarian fascist
Adolf Hitler
54
A moral theory that examines the justification for war and the ethical conduct during war. When it is morally acceptable to engage in war and how war should be fought fairly
Just War Theory
55
The working class, which Marxists viewed as the key revolutionary class in Russia.
Proletariat
56
A policy of conceding to some of Hitler's demands in order to avoid conflict, ultimately failing to prevent WWII. Belief that communism was more dangerous than Nazism by Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.
Appeasement
57
Changes in population distribution due to war, migration, and political policies, such as those initiated by Nazi Germany.
Demographic Shifts
58
A memoir of the Armenian Genocide, focusing on the author's experience in a concentration camp, written by Karnig Panian.
Goodbye, Antoura
59
The Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe during WWII, overseeing key operations.
Dwight Eisenhower
60
One of the five beaches of the Normandy landings on D-Day, where American forces faced intense resistance and major casualties.
Omaha Beach
61
A region of Germany that was demilitarized under the Treaty of Versailles, which was reoccupied by Nazi Germany in 1936, violating the treaty.
Rhineland
62
The 1919 peace treaty that ended WWI, imposing heavy reparations, territorial losses, and demilitarization on Germany, which contributed to resentment and the rise of Hitler. Crafted by Georges Clemenceau, Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson.
Treaty of Versailles
63
The leader of Italy’s Fascist Party and the dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943 during WWII. Authoritarian nationalist who turns constitutional monarchy into dictatorship after legally becoming prime minister
Mussolini
64
A military strategy used by Nazi Germany during WWII, characterized by swift, overwhelming attacks designed to surprise and overwhelm enemies. "lightning war"
Blitzkrieg
65
British General known for his role in the Battle of El Alamein and the invasion of Normandy.
Bernard Montgomery
66
A 1936 agreement between Germany and Japan aimed at countering the spread of communism and the influence of the Soviet Union.
Anti-Comintern Pact
67
The principle that nations have the right to govern themselves, heavily promoted after WWI.
National Self-Determination
68
A 1940 aerial battle between the German Luftwaffe and the British Royal Air Force, marking the first major defeat for Nazi Germany. Hitler orders Luftwaffe to attack British major cities like London and to attack civilians in a "morale bombing"
Battle of Britain
69
2nd President of the Weimar Republic who appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in 1933, leading to the establishment of Nazi dictatorship.
Paul von Hindenberg
70
The leader of the Nationalist Party in China, establishes new national government with the capital of Nanjing with successful military unification
Jiang Jieshi/Chiang Kai-shek
71
A faction of the Russian Social Democrats led by Lenin, advocating for immediate revolution. Includes Trotsky and Stalin.
Bolsheviks
72
The code name for the Battle of Normandy, including D-Day, the Allied invasion of Western Europe.
Operation Overlord
73
A British ocean liner sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, killing over 1,100 people, including 128 Americans, contributing to the U.S. entering World War I.
Lusitania
74
The triumvirate of leaders (Enver, Talaat, and Jemal) who controlled the Ottoman Empire during WWI.
Three Pashas
75
The Nationalist Party of China, led by Sun Yat-sen and later by Jiang Jieshi.
Kuomintang
76
A military strategy used by the Soviets during WWII to destroy anything of value to prevent it from falling into enemy hands.
Scorched Earth Tactics
77
A sudden and illegal seizure of government power, as seen during the October Revolution.
Coup d’état
78
A form of government in which a monarch's powers are limited by a constitution or laws, seen in Japan during the Meiji era.
Constitutional Monarchy
79
A system of classifying political ideologies, ranging from liberalism to conservatism and beyond.
The Political Spectrum
80
Leader of the Bolsheviks, responsible for the October Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union. Brutal regime, advocated for NEP.
Vladimir Lenin
81
A set of laws introduced by Nazi Germany in 1935 that Deprived German Jews of citizenships, Forbid relationships between Jews and non-Jews
Nuremberg Laws
82
The German invasion of Belgium in 1914, marked by atrocities committed by German soldiers against civilians. Belgium was neutral, Germany went through them to get to France
Rape of Belgium
83
Korean children forced to change names to Japanese name because of Japanese idea of superiority, assimilation into their culture
Lost Names
84
Plan for post-WWI peace, promoting democracy, self-determination, the League of Nations, open diplomacy, no unrestricted submarine warfare, no economic barriers
Wilson's 14 Points
85
The government supported religion in Japan, used to promote nationalism and loyalty to the emperor. Only the emperor is in Gods image/divine
State Shinto
86
Payments made by the defeated Central Powers to the Allied Powers after World War I, primarily imposed on Germany.
Reparations
87
The principle that nations have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status without external interference.
National Self-Determination
88
A 1934 purge in Nazi Germany, where Hitler’s regime eliminated political rivals within the Nazi Party and other perceived enemies.
Night of the Long Knives
89
A type of warfare where all of a nation's resources, including civilians, are mobilized for the war effort.
Total War
90
The strategy of using the air force to break the enemy’s will to fight, often targeting civilian populations.
Morale Bombing
91
A political and economic system advocating for classless society, collective ownership of the means of production, and economic equality for all. Known as "revolutionary socialism" in Russia
Communism
92
A renowned Spanish painter and sculptor who painted Guernica
Pablo Picasso
93
The secret police of Nazi Germany, responsible for investigating and suppressing opposition to the Nazi regime, founded by Herman Goering.
Gestapo
94
A staged event in 1931 by the Japanese military as a pretext for invading Manchuria.
Mukden Incident
95
35 million people were captured and became prisoners of war during World War II. 5 mil soviet PoWs, 130k American PoWs, 200k UK PoWs, 1.9 mil French PoWs.
POW Stats
96
Emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989, whose reign spanned much of WWII. Right wing leader of militarist Japan, advocated for Japanese dominant racial purity, signed pact with Hitler and withdraws from LoN
Hirohito
97
A famous painting by Pablo Picasso, depicting the horrors of the 1937 German bombing of a Spanish town by Franco's command during the Spanish Civil War.
Guernica
98
The mass killings of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th century under Sultan Abdul...
Hamidian Massacres
99
The 1917 revolution in Russia that led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, mainly in Petrograd.
February Revolution
100
Failure of Japanese military commanders and officers to exercise proper control and discipline over their troops during the atrocities committed against Chinese civilians and soldiers in the city of Nanking.
Command Irresponsibility
101
The term used by the Japanese to refer to the women forced into sexual slavery during WWII.
Chongsindae
102
Social and political reforms in Turkey under Atatürk, granting women more rights, including suffrage, as a result of making a non-Islamic state.
Emancipation of Women
103
A moral philosophy advocating that actions should be judged based on their outcomes, specifically aiming for the greatest good for the greatest number.
Utilitarianism
104
The peace treaty signed in 1919 that officially ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany. Georges Clemenceau, Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson.
Treaty of Versailles
105
The process by which a group is seen as less than human, often used to justify war crimes.
Dehumanization
106
The German bombing campaign against British cities during 1940-41, aimed at breaking British morale.
The Blitz
107
A secret German proposal to Mexico in 1917, encouraging an alliance against the United States, which led to U.S. involvement in World War I.
Zimmerman Telegram
108
A policy aimed at assimilating non-Turkish groups into Turkish culture, enforced by the Ottoman government.
Turkification
109
A highly flammable substance used in bombs, especially during WWII and the Vietnam War.
Napalm
110
Refers to the unexpected and overwhelming victory of the United States at the Battle of an island in Japan.
Midway Miracle
111
The German democratic government established after WWI, weakened by political instability and economic problems, leading to the rise of Adolf Hitler.
Weimar Republic
112
The 1922 event in which Mussolini’s fascist supporters forced the King of Italy to appoint Mussolini as Prime Minister, beginning his fascist dictatorship.
March on Rome
113
A decisive naval battle in 1942 where the United States defeated Japan, turning the tide in the Pacific War. "miracle" where US air force trick the Japanese.
Midway
114
The surprise Japanese attack on the U.S. naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, leading to U.S. entry into WWII.
Pearl Harbor
115
A mystic who gained influence in the Russian royal court, particularly over Tsarina Alexandra. He damaged reputations of the Romanovs, and was executed by nobility
Rasputin
116
A turning point in WWII where the Soviet Union decisively defeated Nazi Germany in 1943. Hitler wanted it because of its name, wheat, and oil, and horribly lost in an attempted sneak attack.
Stalingrad
117
The region in France where the Allies landed on D-Day, beginning the liberation of France.
Normandy
118
The founder of the Republic of China, and Guomindang nationalist political party, the key figure in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty. Wanted to rid China of foreigners.
Sun Yat-sen
119
The last Tsar of Russia, executed by the Bolsheviks during WWI, leading to the rise of the Soviet Union. Tried to lead Russia without military experience.
Nicholas II
120
The mass killing and forced deportation of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during and after WWI by Young Turks and three pashas. Armenians were christian and the largest minority group - nationalist justification
Armenian Genocide
121
A concept in Just War theory that stresses that the force used in war should be proportionate to the threat faced.
Proportionality of Means
122
Economic hardship, humiliation from the Treaty of Versailles, and nationalist sentiments
Reasons for Nazi Acceptance
123
A political party in Russia that focused on the interests of peasants and workers, endorsing the overthrow of the Tsar and the redistribution of land to the peasants.
Social Revolutionaries
124
The dispersion of the Armenian people following the genocide and other massacres.
Diaspora
125
The site of a major evacuation in 1940, where over 300,000 Allied troops, mostly British, were rescued from the beaches of northern France in a moral victory. Failure by German Luftwaffe.
Dunkirk
126
The temporary government established in Russia after the February Revolution, headed by Kerensky.
Provisional Government
127
The Party which was founded in 1921, and eventually took control of China under Mao Zedong.
Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
128
The date of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, marking the United States' formal entry into WWII.
December 7, 1941
129
Traditionalists vs Revisionists about Nanking. One argues it was an act of genocide by the Japanese and executed by the authoritative figures, one argues it was random acts of violence by deprived Japanese soldiers.
Iris Chang vs. Yamamoto
130
A political ideology emphasizing pride in one's nation, often contributing to the causes of WWI.
Nationalism
131
The democratic government established in Germany after World War I, lasting from 1919 to 1933 before the rise of the Nazis.
Weimar Republic
132
An international organization formed after WWI to promote peace and cooperation, which failed to prevent WWII. Could not enforce decisions because the US, Russia, and Germany failed to join.
League of Nations
133
A 1933 arson attack on the German parliament building, which Hitler and the Nazis used to blame communists and consolidate power.
Reichstag Fire
134
A 1939 agreement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union promising not to attack each other, facilitating Germany's invasion of Poland. Broken in 1941 when Germany invades Soviet Russia.
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
135
Cities that experienced intense bombing raids during WWII by the Germans, United States respectively.
Tokyo, London
136
Formed after the fall of the Ottoman Empire after WW1 by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, committed to European-style secular state, nationalism and autonomy.
Turkey
137
Women, primarily from Korea and other occupied territories, who were forced into sexual slavery by the Japanese military during WWII.
Comfort Women
138
The founder of the Republic of Turkey and its first president, leading reforms to modernize and secularize Turkey - member of the Young Turks and "Father of the Turks."
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
139
A faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party that advocated for gradual reform - anti-revolutionaries
Mensheviks
140
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin: D-Day agreement in Iran, Stalin to enter the war against Japan after Germany's defeat, division of Germany into occupation zones after the war.
Tehran Conference
141
A Japanese order during WWII directing the extermination of captured Allied soldiers.
August 1 Kill-All Order
142
Battle of Britain and France against Germany where Germans could not take Paris and are slowed down, Schlieffen plan fails
Marne
143
The conflict between Turkish nationalists (Atatürk) and Allied forces over the Ottoman empire after its defeat, leading to the creation of the Republic of Turkey.
War of Turkish Independence
144
Members of the Constitutional Democratic Party in Russia who advocated for liberal reforms and a constitutional monarchy.
Cadets
145
Adolf Hitler’s autobiography and political manifesto, in which he outlined his ideas for Germany's future, including his racist ideologies and expansionist goals.
Mein Kampf
146
The Italian invasion of... in 1935, one of the first acts of aggression by fascist Italy under Mussolini.
Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
147
The killing of 150 American POWs by Japanese forces in Philippines, in 1944.
Palawan Massacre
148
U.S. President from 1945 to 1953, who authorized atomic bombs on Japan and guided the U.S. through the end of WWII.
Harry Truman
149
The Allied invasion of Normandy, France, on June 6, 1944, marking the beginning of the liberation of Western Europe. Germans had to fight on both fronts, but had few divisions in the west, leading to their defeat.
D-Day
150
The concept of Japan’s national identity or essence, emphasizing loyalty to the emperor and Japan’s divine status.
Kokutai
151
The leader of the Soviet Union after Lenin's death, known for his authoritarian rule and purges. Cult of personality, reversed NEP, Third (industrial) revolution, collectivization, paranoid about political traitors, leader during ww2.
Josef Stalin
152
A massacre of peaceful protesters by Tsarist soldiers, sparking the 1905 Russian Revolution.
Bloody Sunday
153
Sun Yat-sen's ideological platform: Nationalism - no foreigners, Democracy - three branches of government with Chinese traditional practices, and People’s Livelihood - land and tax reform
Three People’s Principles
154
The mass killing and raping of Chinese civilians by the Japanese military in 1937.
Nanking Massacre
155
The title used by Adolf Hitler as the leader of Nazi Germany, meaning 'leader' or 'guide.' Symbolized his role as the ultimate source of authority.
Führer
156
The German plan for the invasion of Britain, which was never executed due to the failure to gain air superiority.
Operation Sea Lion
157
A 1939 military and political alliance between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany.
Pact of Steel
158
An imperialist concept proposed by Japan during WWII, claiming to offer economic cooperation and independence to Asian nations, but in reality, it served to justify Japanese expansionism.
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
159
A war in Spain (1936-1939) between the Republicans (left-wing) and the Nationalists (right-wing), led by Francisco Franco, who ultimately established a fascist regime with help from Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Soviet Union
Spanish Civil War
160
The British Prime Minister from 1940 to 1945, recognized for his leadership during WWII. refuses to quit in WWII and gets the parliament on his side
Winston Churchill
161
A council of worker and peasant representatives that formed the basis for the government structure in Russia.
Soviet
162
Information, often biased or misleading, used to promote a political cause, particularly during wartime.
Propaganda
163
A tragic place/event where hundreds of people died in a stampede during Tsar Nicholas II's coronation.
Khodynka Field (Tragedy)
164
A German city heavily bombed by the Allies in WWII, resulting in high civilian casualties and widespread destruction.
Dresden
165
A key figure in the Russian Revolution and early Soviet government, known for his role in the Red Army. Wanted to ban strikes and trade unions. Killed by Stalin's police.
Leon Trotsky
166
The wife of Tsar Nicholas II who insisted he maintain autocratic rule amidst protests, leading to the downfall of Tsarist Russia.
Tsarina Alexandra
167
Intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group by killing, injuring, forcing horrible/impossible living conditions, preventing birth
Criteria for Genocide
168
Paramilitary groups used by Mussolini’s fascist regime in Italy to intimidate and suppress opposition.
Blackshirts
169
Islamic law, which was sometimes enforced in the Ottoman Empire, especially during periods of conservative rule, but later eradicated in Turkey.
Sharia Law
170
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin: Not going to force Japan to pay full reparations, Create UN instead of League of Nations
Yalta Conference
171
Attlee, Truman, Stalin demand for Japan’s unconditional surrender, which led to the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Potsdam Conference
172
Germans battle in Eastern France, attempting to make it a war of attrition and weaken France with endless assaults
Battle of Verdun
173
Bloodiest battle - British and French against Germans, tries to relieve pressure on the battle of Verdun, launching attacks on no mans land
Battle of the Somme
174
A book that describes the German soldiers' extreme physical and mental trauma during WWI as well as the detachment from civilian life felt by many upon returning home from the war.
All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Marie Remarque
175
A poem that graphically and bitterly describes the horrors of WWI in particular, although it also implicitly speaks of the horror of all wars.
Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen
176
All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage, the secret police organization established by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution.
Cheka
177
Vladimir Lenin - Peasants could sell grain surplus, small-scale private manufacturing and commerce, capitalism in the face of communist government. Prevented hunger, disease, rebellion
NEP
178
A campaign of mass arrests, executions, and repression carried out by the Bolshevik government during the Russian Civil War to eliminate political opponents, counter-revolutionaries, and enemies of the Soviet regime.
Red Terror
179
A term used to describe political cunning, deceit, and ruthlessness in achieving and maintaining power. "The Ends Justify the Means" Largely influenced Lenin.
Machiavelli
180
International organization established by the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin with the goal of promoting world revolution and establishing global communist states. It aimed to unite communist parties across the world in the fight against capitalism and imperialism.
Comintern
181
Stalin has Ambitious goals for industrial production, limited private property, and the collectivization of agriculture
5 year plan
182
A policy implemented by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s and early 1930s, aimed at consolidating small farms into large, state-controlled farms to increase agricultural productivity and support industrialization. Killed resisting peasants.
Collectivization
183
Wealthier peasants in the Soviet Union, typically owning larger farms and employing hired labor were considered a class enemy by Stalin. He eliminating the class by confiscating their property, deporting them, and often executing or imprisoning them.
Kulaks + dekulakization
184
During Stalins rule, this became more available to women and children in an attempt to increase employment and industrial production through education
Literacy
185
Artistic and literary style that became the official cultural policy of the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin. It glorified the working class and the Soviet state in a way that was accessible and optimistic, while aligning with Soviet ideology.
Socialist realism
186
Refers to someone who is loyal and devoted to a political group, particularly within the context of communist or socialist regimes, such as the Soviet Union under Stalin. One consistently prioritizes the goals, ideologies, and directives of the Communist Party above personal beliefs or interests.
party-minded
187
A Poets work, especially in the early part of her career, was considered too emotionally intense and independent, and it did not always align with the state's political and ideological demands. she was censored, and her husband and son were arrested.
Anna Akhmatova
188
the practice of writing literature, poetry, or other works that were kept private and not published due to the oppressive political climate.
"writing for the drawer"
189
Use of mass media, propaganda, and other techniques to create an idealized and heroic image of a leader, often exaggerated and worshipped by the public. Examples are Stalin and Mao Zedong.
cult of personality
190
Stalin attempts to kill anyone in opposition to him, including political opponents, military figures, ordinary citizens, and ethnic groups
purges
191
All opponents of Stalin arrested and accused of outlandish plots against him. Through confinement and torture, Bolshevik Leaders confessed to fake crimes.
show trials
192
System of forced labor camps in the Soviet Union, primarily under Stalin's rule, where millions of people were imprisoned, often for political reasons.
Gulags
193
a Soviet government organization created in 1919 to address issues concerning women's rights and promote gender equality in early Soviet Russia. Abolished in 1930 by Stalin.
Zhenotdel
194
aka People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs, a Soviet law enforcement agency responsible for maintaining internal security, enforcing laws, and conducting purges, mass arrests, and executions
NKVD
195
The story can be read as a sardonic attack on traditional Chinese culture and society and a call for a new cultural direction.
Diary of a Madman by Lu Xun
196
writer who Critiqued traditional Confucian values and thought
Lu Xun
