unit 6 + 7 - Population and Urbanisation Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Urbanisation
A
Process in which there is an increase in the number of people living and working in a city or metropolitan area
2
Q
Challenges of urbanization
A
Overpopulation
Labour exploitation
Unemployment rates go up after a point, when number of people exceed the number of jobs
Individualism
Privitization
Urban Slums
Gentrification
3
Q
Privitisation
A
The idea of increase in private companies than government regulated ones
4
Q
Individualism
A
People becomes increasingly self dependent and cant rely on community. Similar to the idea of Liberalism, where personal success is more highly valued
5
Q
How to describe a urban vs rural city?
A
urban:
Densely populated regions with advanced infrastructure, diverse job opportunities, modern housing, healthcare, and education systems, modern lifestyle and a high cost of living
rural:
Sparsely populated regions with open spaces, agriculture-based economies, limited infrastructure, close-knit communities and fewer employment opportunites
6
Q
Pull factors
A
- Economic Stability and Better employment
- Better Housing
- Environmental stability
- Political Stability and Global Relations
- Good connectivity and better social relations
- Better facilities (schools, hospitals, roads, transportation, etc).
7
Q
push factors
A
- Lack of resources
- Rapid population growth
- Lack of opportunities (for upskilling and career related)
- Lack of basic facilities (hospitals, schools, roads, etc)
- Lack of entertainment options
- Unemployment
- Lower wages
- Poor connectivity
- Crop failures, agricultural challenges (only for rural areas)
8
Q
Settlement
A
Collection of buildings with people living in them. They can be temporary (refugee camp) or permanent (apartments)
9
Q
How to describe settlement
A
Site
Type
Shape or Pattern
Function
Hierarchy
10
Q
What happens when you go up the settlement hierarchy from bottom to top
A
Decrease in frequency
Increase in size of settlement, higher population and more services
11
Q
Different settlements based on spatial distributions
A
Clustered
Dispersed
Linear
12
Q
Clustered settlements
A
Houses and buildings are close together.
Buildings are centered across a common point like a village center or relgiious place
More common in rural areas
13
Q
Dispersed Settlements
A
Homes and buildings are spread out over a large area. his pattern is common in rural or agriculture regions where people have large plots of land for farming and homes are spaced far apart
14
Q
Linear settlements
A
- Buildings and structure are arranged in a line usually along a road or river
- These settlements grow along transportation routes or natural features
- Long and narrow in shape
- Eg: Cities and urban areas
15
Q
Why are linear settlements more common in urban areas and example
A
land is scarce and transportation is easily accessible.
Example: New York City, grid-like layout that allows for easy navigation by car or public transportation
16
Q
Common challenges faced in urban areas
A
Overpopulation
Traffic congestion
pollution
House shortage and Urban slums
Poor public services
Unemployment and Poverty
Crime and safety concerns
17
Q
Genereic solutions to challenegs faced in urban areas
A
- Adrress root cause of poor QOL
- Build and Improve public transport to reduce traffic
- Invest in Schools, hospitals and markets to develop infratsructure and provide quality basic services
- Develop low cost housing to avoid overcrowidng and urban slums
- Parks and green areas to reduce polllution and ecourage social connectivity
- Invest in renewable and green energy to help minimize environmnetal impact
18
Q
Example of solution to improvement in public transport for reducing transport congestion
A
Luxembourg - Offers free regional bus and black cab servcies to encourgae its residents to opt for public transport and reduce the number of cars on the road
London - The london undergound also called its tube system is the backbone of the country, allowing people to travel not only across the city, but also across the country, reducing traffic and pollution
19
Q
Mumbai - Public Transport - Case Study
A
Over 55% of Mumbai’s population have acess to the public transport
The most notable being the Mumbai Local, also called the lifeline of Mumbai and it runs 24/7 and sees almost 7.5 million passengers daily
20
Q
France Case Study - Green Space
A
In cities like Paris and Lyon, we can see Jardins Partaage, or shared gardens/parks where residetns can come for a walk in nature, and connect with other.
Green corrdiors also improve air quality and act as a recreational space for residents
21
Q
Urban slums
A
Highly populated urban residential area consisting of densely packed houses with weak build quality
22
Q
What are some of the main reasons for the growth of slums in urban areas
A
Rapid Urbanization and not paying enough attention to the poor population. Increase in house rates
23
Q
Definition of a Slum Dweller according to UN
A
someone who lacks at least three of the basic requirements among “durable walls, a secure lease or title, adequate living space, and access to safe drinking water and toilets.
24
Q
Why is eradicating urban slums considered one of the toughest challenges facing societies today?
A
rapid urbanization,
widespread poverty,
lack of basic services,
financial constraints
complex political and economic factors
the sheer scale of the problem
25
Health consequences of urban slums
Higher chance of getting diseases and sanitary issues and Malnutrition.
Minimal access to clean water leading to bodily problems
No proper medical facilties to seek treatment
26
Spain Urban Slum crisis and how did they reduce urban slums in their country
While not major, it did face a slum crisis in early 21st century where urban slums started to develop on the ouskirts of its most wealthy cities
Very poor QOL say the death of thousands living there
However, this was later solved using social housing projects and investments in upgrading slums and providing the local residents with secure homes
27
Gentrification
Transformation of a neighborhood from low value to high value (monetary value) bringing in higher income residents, and displacing the neighborhood's previous residents
28
Why does gentrification happen
Due to the immigration of upper class people
29
15 min city and who made it
An urban planning concept where every urban citizen should be able to meet their daily needs within 15 mins of transportation. Made by Carlos Moreno
30
What problem is the 15 min city trying to solve, and what issues is it facing currently
Commuting to much and too many cars on the road, many urban cities have already implemented this but the daily amenities are not up to the mark and hence residents stil choose to travel longer to access things like schools, hospitals and markets
31
Egan's wheel
Used as a tool for assessing how sustainable a community is
32
All 8 factors of a sustainable community according to Egan's Wheel
Governance, Transport and connectivity, Services, Environment, Equity, Economy, Housing and built environment, Social
33
Governance in egan's wheel
Well run and when making decisions about a community, local residents are included reducing impact of gentrification
34
Transport and connectivity in Egan's wheel
Well connected city and and with good and affordbale communication and transport service that help connect people together
35
Services in Egan's wheel
They are of good quality and follow the 3 A's of sustainability
36
Equity in Egan's wheel
The city is fair to everyone, reduces gentrification as much as possible and follows the ideas of E.F Schumacher to reduce mutual posining and ensure cities and rural areas develop together
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Environment in Egan's wheel
Environmenatlly sensitive and considerate of nature and ecological footprint before making development decisions. Reliance on green energy to reduce carbon footprint
38
Housing in Egan's wheel
Enough space, well designed and structurally built using the Nuclei Land Use model.
No urban slums and everyone ahs a secure lease in their name
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Social and CUltural life in Egan's wheel
Urban and vibrant atmosphere
Active city with equal participation
Inclusive of all religions and culture
Low crime rate and high levels of safety, especially for women
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Economy in egan's wheel
Mixed economic system with minimal equalities. Thriving and local people also have the opportunities to make money. There is enough employment and high paying jobs in the rural areas as well to reduce mutual poisining
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3 As of sustainability
Accessible (resources must be accessible to all, regardless of their social and economic bg)
Affordable (services not too expensive and economically viable for all)
Available (available 24/7 and for everybody)
42
Urban Decay
Process that describes the decline of a city due to social problems, infrastructure issues, population change (people move out making city isolated) or people dont benefit from investments happening in city
43
by 2030, how much percent of worls population will live in urban areas
90 per cent, according to UN
44
How much percent doe earths land do cities consume, and how much percent of energy consumption and carbon emission do they account for
cities are just 3% of earths land but account for 60-80% of energy consumption and 75% of carbon emissions
45
How many hours in a year does an average person spend commuting and accroding to hwo
According to science direct, a person on aervage spends 488 hours just travelling in transportx in one year
46
Urban regeneration
A city planning approach that aims to improve the quality of life or urban areas by addressing economic and social problems and revitalizing spaces after a city goes into urban decay
47
3 pillars of poverty and what cant they be done
Deficiency in education, organization and discipline
They cant be bought, ordered or comprehensible planned
48
How much percent of population lives in urban areas
55%
49
Why are urban areas easier to help
Due to already develop industries
50
What is E.F schumacher say about aid focused on cities
Until aid is focused on cities, in terms of industrial and financial, non agricultural production in the rest of the country will face competition. This leads to additional unemployment outside the city
51
Mutual Poisoning
Industries in the cities are destroying the rural areas. The people from rural areas respond by mass migrating to cities that cant accommodate them
52
How to stop mutual posining?
Create high paying jobs in rural areas which benefit them and not urban areas and large companies
53
Which book by who talks about poverty and its causes and effects of urban and rural areas
Small is Beautiful by E.F.Schumacher
54
What was the burgess or concentric zone theory, who made it
Made by Burgess
States that cities grow outwards from the center in a series of rings with the center being the CBD and then the lower class residential area, followed by middle class and then upper class at the outskirts
55
Structure and Criticism of Burgess Concentric zone theory land use moel
Structure: Parts of a city emerge in ring like fashions from the CBD, followed by a transition zone, then the lower class residential area , middle class residential area, and finally the higher class residential area
Criticism:
Geographers argue that while distinction in cities can be seen, it doesn't follow the concentration zone rule and the homogeneity of this model is often questioned
56
Hoyt Sector Theory, what is it and who and when made it
Considers the fact that cities may not be perfect as shown in Burgess model and rather the grow in sectors
Made by Homer Hoyt
The middle class are spread around the CBD and the rich and the factories form wedge shape sector branching from the CBD
The lower class lives opposite to the middle class, and in between the idnsutrial/factory wedges
57
Criticism of Hoyt Sector Model
Outdates as it doesnt take into account new innnovations in transportation
The CBD sint as important now as many office buildings have emerged in the suburbs as well
58
Nuclei Land use Model theory
Proposes that cities tend to develop around multiple CBD's or nuclei
Suggest that eachcity is differnet and adapts based on population and land availability
Certain parts of the city may tend to stay apart from crowded areas such as higher class residential areas
59
Major difference in LEDC and MEDC land model
In LEDCs, the rich live closer to the CBD, whereas in MEDCs, the rich live on the outskirts of cities
60
Migraton
Process of a person moving from one place to another to either live there permanently or temporarily due to better living condition or due to push factors in their original settlement
61
Immigrant and emmigrant
For the receiving country, they are immigrant and for the donor country they are emigrants
62
Migration of LICs and HICs–
Migration from LICs to HICs increases the population in HICs through labor demand and youthful migrants (offset aging populations, increasing fertility rate and lowering the median age),
while decreasing populations in LICs due to brain drain (less talented people) and rural depopulation (young people are moving to HICs, reducing the working-age population)
63
Mortality/Death Rate
The number of deaths per 1000 people in a given period of time
64
Natural Increase/Decrease
Natural Increase - The difference between the number of births and deaths in a population
Natural decrease - the difference between the number of death minus the number of births
65
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of children under one year of age who die per 1000 live births
66
Fertility Rate
The average number of children per women
67
Life expentancy
The average number of years a person can expect to live
68
Ani Natal Policies
Policies that aim to reduce children grwoth by going against reproduction and to have a lower fertility rate. Used by overpopulated countries or when the population of a country exceeds its resources
69
anti natalist policy pros and cons
Pros:
1. Slows down reproduction
2. Reduces load on working class and resource consumption
Cons
1. May lead to gender imbalnce in LEDCs due to preferance of male child
2. Can cause labour shortage (fewer young workers) and an older population
3. May result in the 4-2-1 problem
70
Pro Natal Policies
Policies designed for increasing the population/fertility rate of an area and are for reproduction. They are generally used by countries facing aging population
71
pro natalist policy pros and cons
Pros:
1. helps balance aging population
2. increases work force and beneficial to the economy in the long term
cons:
1. May be too expensive for governments
2. Slow results an it takes a lot of time to see growth in fertility levels
3. May not adress deeper problems of lower population such as increased cost of living and urbanization
72
Sex ratio
The number of females per 1000 males within a speicifc time and place
73
4-2-1 problem with 1 child policy
1 child has to provide and earn for the medical and social needs for his two parents + his 4 grandparents, and the economy is built in such a way that this wont be possible. This problem often occurs as a backlash of anti natalist policies which restrict families to only one child. Chins faced this problem after its implementation of One Child policy. Other countries such as Japan and western european countries also face this issue.
74
Singapore Pro natalist policy name
Baby Bonus policy in 2001 where gov gave upto $13,000 to the number of children you have and helped in arranging the requirement in raising a child, encouraging them to have more children
75
What fields should be improved to control overpopulation
Education
Healthcare
Economy
76
Example of Indian state to show direct correlation between education, economy and healthcare and fertility rate
Kereala, Most literate state of India and hence fertility rate is also the lowest, 1.8 per women. One of the best per capita incomes and hence lower fertility rate, One of the lowest Infant mortality rate (ie good healthcare).
77
What was the older idea that forced women to have more children
More children means more income later one and more people to care for you when you are old
78
Why do developed cities have less children
A higher cost of living and hence more money would be required to provide for more children
79
Demographic Transition Model, what is it and who made it
Shows how population has been changing as an after mark of development. Made by Warren Thompson
80
1 st of DTM
High birth rate and high death Rate, Prior to Industrial revolution. There is currently no country in stage 1
Most of human history took place during this stage
81
2nd Stage of DTM
High birth rate, lower death Rate
After IR and the biological revolution and more people were born but less dies due to Healthcare advancements.
But mindset hasnt shifted and people still se children as cultural assets
Includes most LEDCs such as Nigeria, Afghanistan, Yemen, etc
82
3rd stage of DTM
Birth rate begin to decline and death rate also decreases due to urbanization and improved status of women
Economic changes make it difficult to have large families
medical advanacement keep death rate low
increasing cost of living and shift in mindset keeps birth rate low
Includes most NEE (new emergin economies) such as India, Brazil and Indonesia
83
4th stage of dtm
Low birth rate, Low death rate
Less people are dying and hence people being born is also less.
Women have more opportunities in soceity and hence they decide to have lesser children
zero or very little natural increase
High life expectancy
Includes most developed countries such as US, Canada, China
84
5th stage of DTM
Very low Birth Rate, death rate starts to increase or remains stable indicating majority of the people are near their old age.
Death rate is more than birth rate.
Population decrease
Faces problems of aging population and population decrease
Includes developed countries like Japan, Germany and Russia
85
Limitations of DTM
Only considers Birth and death rate (no migration is considered)
Application of the DTM are mainly restricted to Western Countries
86
Epidemiological Transition Model what and made by who
Focuses on levels of industrilisation and development but through the lenses of diease and death rate. Made by A R Omran
87
Causes of Urbanisation
Increase in migration from rural to urban
Natural Increase of population
Push and Pull factors
Need and Want for development
Modernisation and Technological advancements
88
Population pyramid
represents the breakdown of the population by gender and age
89
Age section in a population pyramid and their reproductive stages
0-15 pre reproductive stage
15-45 = reproductive stage
45+ Post reproductive stage
90
Stationery Population pyramid what does it tell us about the population
Fertility rate, birth rate and mortality rate are constant
Population is not growing and the counttry is a developed country
More odler people due to better healthcare
Better status of women
In stage 3 and 4 of the DTM
Eg - India, Indonesia
91
Expansive population pyrmid and what does it tell us about the population
High birth rate, high infant mortality rate and high fertility rate (developing)
In stage 1 or 2 of DTM
Tells us a growing and more poorer country
Less older people
Eg - Pakistan
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Factors affecting population pyramid
Wars
Anti and Pro natal policies
Economic disparities
Baby booms post wars
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Constructive population pyramid
Higher older age group and hence a declining population
Low birth rate
In stage 5 of DTM
Eg: Japan and Germany
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Problems of youthful population
Short term not good
Socially not developed country
Greater dependent population, hence greater consumption of resources
95
Case studies for Urban Slums
Favelas of Brasil
Formed in late 19th century deu to increase in Brazil's population because of natural increase and urbanization.
Overcrowding happened and the population exceeded the houses avaliable
Hence these people had to build weaker houses along the outskirts of the cities
here is said to be high levels of crime and minimal access to basic services in these Favelas
96
Case studies on voluntary migration
Brain drain during 1970s, skilled workers from south asia were pulled to first world coutnries for jobs and higher wages
This happened due to pull factors in terms of upskilling opportunities and better wroking codntions, wages in western countries
This left the donor country with a older population (majority of the workers were young), economic decay and a severe loss of talent.
The destination countri gained talent pool and cultural diversity, and led to an increase in working population and eventually economic growht
97
case study on involuntary migration
Syria Refugee Crisis of 2011
The civil war in syra in 2011 led to millions feeling the country involunatrily, and seeking help in countries like Turkey, Germany and Lebanon
This led to immigrants in countries which couldnt accomodate them leading to overcrowding and increased presures on public services, and widespread poverty for the immigrants
Syria's population say a decline and caused an economic collapse in the country
98
example of place impacted by gentrification
Brooklyn, New York - That is why it has one of the highest crime rate in US. As wealthy residents moved in, property values increased, and lower-income families were displaced. Due to Urban renewal projects, its local culture was disrupted
Haus Khas - Delhi, Its was once an small agriculture village and an artisanal hub, but due to gentrification, its older culure has been displaced. In order to grow with the capital of India, Delhi, and look 'Dehli-esque', gentrification happened
99
China One child policy and is disadvantages
Anti natalist policy which reduced women to only have one child, but due to gender preferences for male child, China had one of the highest female mortality rate and hence this policy was considered a failure. At that time it also had one of the worst sex ratios in the world. This policy was later discontinued in 2016
100
Assam 2 child policy and its disadvantages
Implemented in 2021, Families with more 2 children were excluded from many government scheme and were not allowed to stand for Panchayat elections and do government jobs.
Disadvantage on women as if a man stading for an election or having a gov job had more than 2 children, he would leave the women by divorcing her
101
Case study - sustainable city copenhagen - Environmetnal sustainability
Wnats to be first carbon neutral city by 2025
Majorly uses renewable energy to reduce its carbon footprint
Uses its geographical location to its advanatge
Uses power plants like the Amager Bakee which converst waste into energy
102
Case study - sustainable city copenhagen - transportation
More than 40% of residents commute by cycle
Over 400km of dedicated cycling routes
Good green public transport system
real time traffic tracking to provides insights into urban planning
103
Case study - sustainable city copenhagen - social and services
Affordable housing following nuclei land use model
Deciated to provide affordable and avaliable community health
Good insurance and healthcare policies for all age groups
High cultural and community engagement
High literacy rate and mean years of shcooling
little to none poverty rate and unemployment rate
104
sustainable city case study - Masdar city in UAE and what all it has acheievd
Located in UAE, Masdar city is a urban planned and experimental city which in 2008 emabrekd on the journey to become the world's most susntaible low carbon city
It has features such as:
1. Low Carbon foorpint
2. Its almost 100% dependant on renewable energy and aims to become the worlds first completely green city in the next couple of years
3. Its streets and buildings are designed with narrow shape and elevated from the ground that reduces its climate and reduces need for ACs
4. Has a Car free core, with it encourage walking and using its electric driverless pods
5. Water from households it recycled to use for agriculture and irrigation
105
The Masdar city is seen as what type of city as why?
Its seen more like a business/research hub than a residential area due to minimal population and mixed execution of its plans (due to very high costing of development of a sustainable city)
106
Problems of a young population with case study
- More dependant class than working class
- Overcrowded schools and pressure on education system to sustain greatwer number of children
- Bad for short term, good in long terms
- Envrionment and economic damage from overconsumption of resources
case study - Nigeria. Over 40% of its population is under 15. Hence it faces education crisis like lack of teachers, rapid urbanisation, lack of housing space and political & economic unrest. However, demographers predict that in the coming years, due to abudnance of work force and if managed correctly, nigeria could become a NEE and emegre as an highly economically develop country
107
Key data on nigeria's youn population
Fertility rate - 5.8 children per mother
mean age = 18.1 years
12% of the global people in poverty live in nigeria
108
what is nigeria doing to combat its young population
focusing on job creation, improving educational systems, promoting entrepreneurship, and ensuring access to healthcare and social support service
However, this is proving to be a studggle due to Nigeria's foreign debt and low GDP
109
Nigeria's Japa Syndrome
Most of the skilled young workers from Nigeria want to leave the country (45% of nigerians, accroding to Pew research centre) as they will get more opportunites in coutnries like US, UK
110
Problems of an aging population with case tsudy
- Good for short term bad for long term
- Pressure on heatlhcare systems
- Heavy reliance on pensions
- Labour shortage in physicall edmanding feilds
- Healthcare costs would increase due to rapid consumption of medical resources
Case tsudy - Japan. over 29% of people are aged 65 or more. Face problems like economic stagnation and productivity decline. Spends a lot of GDP on medical advacenemnts.
111
Demographic pressure ratio
Ratio bertween the inactive and active part of the population
Divide the number of people in the dependnat class with the number of people in working class
112
Demographic pressure ratio is highest in countries with what type of pyramid?
Expansive or constrictive
113
Demographic pressure ratio is lowest in countries ith what type of pyramid?
Stationary pyramid
114
what is japan doing to combat its older population
encouraging fertility, retaining older workers in the workforce, and developing innovative technologies to aid in long-term care and healthcare
115
Rostow's stages of development and his theory
A linear model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least- developed to most-developed countries.
Stages:
1 = tradtional society with limited tech
2 = preconditions for take off, moving to tech based industries
3 = take off with development of a manufacturing sector
4 = drive to maturity with a more industrilised economy
5 = high mass consumption and productos of resources and goods
116
NEE
Newly emerging economies
117
Main question to ask when planning an urban area to avoid gentrification
How do you revitalise a space, without displacing its values?
