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Pathology Units 5-8 > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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2
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

to and from the capillaries of the lungs. Brings deoxygenized blood to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the heart

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3
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

To and from the capilaries of the tissues of the body. Brings oxygenated blood to the tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

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4
Q

What is Edema

A

(AKA - Dropsy) A shift of fluids from vascular space into another compartment that results in abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues or body cavities.

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5
Q

What is Anasarca

A

Severe, generalized edema of subcutaneous tissue, accumulation of serous fluid in body cavities

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6
Q

What is Ascites

A

Form of anasarca where fluid is in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity

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7
Q

What is Hydrothorax

A

Form of anasarca where fluid is in the thoracic (pleural) cavity

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8
Q

What is Hydropericardium

A

A form of anasarca where fluid is around the heart

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9
Q

What is Hydrocele

A

A form of anasarca where edema is in the scrotum

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10
Q

What is Hyperemia

A

A PHYSIOLOGIC active process of engorgement with bright red, oxygenated blood recruited by signals from affected site. Examples: Inflammation (sun burn) or exercise increasing metabolic activity

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11
Q

What is Congestion (passive hyperemia)

A

A PATHOLOGICAL process of tissue engorgement with bluish, poorly oxygenated blood. Example: thrombosis, embolism

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12
Q

What is Ischemia

A

reduction in arterial blood supply (oxygen & nutrients) to a tissue or body part

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13
Q

Causes of Ischemia

A

Aterial Obstruction; Venous Obstruction; Vasoconstriction; external pressure; heart failure

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14
Q

Effects of Ischemia

A

Accumulation of metabolic wastes; pain;atrophy; tissue damage (Infarction)

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15
Q

What is an Infarction

A

necrosis of tissue due to interference in blood supply to that tissue, usually follows ischemia. Usually affects - spleen, kidneys, lung, brain and heart

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16
Q

Sclerosis

A

it means “hardening”

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17
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis

A

Thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls partly due to deposition of calcium

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18
Q

What is Atherosclerosis

A

Hardening of arteries due to build upof waxy plaque inside of blood vessels

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19
Q

Thrombosis

A

An ATTACHED solid mass or blood clot made up of blood cells. (sickle cell is an example)

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20
Q

Types of Thrombosis

A

Partial - obstruction of a blood vessel; thrombus can be dislodged Obstruction - Total or complete blockage of a blood vessel, with ischemia & infarction Septic - infected, verydangerous Aseptic - Not infected

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21
Q

Thrombi: Tiny -vs- Large

A

Tiny Thrombi can resolve on their own. Large Thrombi may grow by becoming surrounded by fibrous tissue. Some Thrombi break off and become emboli

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22
Q

Thrombosis : Resolution

A

Thrombi dissolve without further damage (small Thrombi)

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23
Q

Thrombosis : Calcification

A

Mineral salts accumulate around thrombus, may became obstructive

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24
Q

Thrombosis : Fragmentation

A

pieces of thrombus dislodge and move through the bloodstream

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25
Q

Thrombosis : Septic Softening

A

septic (infected) thrombus; fragments move through bloodstream –> spread infection & may block small blood vessels

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26
Thrombosis : Canalization
New blood capillaries form around to bypass the thrombus
27
Thrombosis : Consequences
Ischemia - reduction in arterial blood supply Passive Hyperemia - abnormal venous drainage Gangrene - death of tissue with loss of vascular supply, may be followed by bacterial infection Infarction - tisue necrosis due to obstruction in arterial blood supplying the area Bacteremia - presence of bacteria in blood from a septic thrombus
28
What is an Embolism
Caused by formation of solid or gaseous object floating free (embolus) in the bloodstream.
29
Embolism : Consequences
Ischemia; infarction; gangrene; spread of infection; spread of tumor cells; necrosis
30
Hemorrhage
Loss of blood from the vascular system. Caused by trauma, vascular diseases, blood diseases
31
Hemorrhage : Petechia
Small tissue damage, visible as purplish hemorrhages of the skin (example: thrombocytopenia - low platelet count)
32
Hemorrhage : Ecchymosis
Larger tissue damage in mucous membrane or skin (examples: acute remal failure, cirrhosis)
33
Hemorrhage : Hematoma
Large collection of blood (tumor like swelling); usually due to trauma
34
Hemorrhage : Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose
35
Hemorrhage : Hemoptysis
blood in sputum
36
Hemorrhage : Hematemesis
vomiting of blood
37
Hemorrhage : Hemopericardium
blood in pericardial cavity
38
Hemorrhage : Hemothorax
blood in the thoracic Cavity
39
Hemorrhage : Hemoperitoneum
blood in the abdominal cavity
40
Hemorrhage : Melena
blood in the stool
41
Hemorrhage : Hematuria
red blood cells in urine
42
Hemorrhage : Exsanguination
loss of blood to the point where life can no longer be sustained
43
Shock
Condition in which the circulatory system is unable to provide adequate blood supply to the body tissues, due to low blood flow through blood vessels, reduced cardia output or low blood volume. (AKA - Circulatory Collapse)
44
Shock : Cardiogenic Shock (heart failure)
caused by myocardial infarction or other myocardial disease
45
Shock : Hypovolemic Shock (low volume)
underfilled blood vessels, usually due to hemorrhage, burns, severe diarrhea or vasodilation (from severe allergic reaction)
46
Shock : Septic Shock (infection)
from systemic bacterial infection (sepsis) by organisms that release bacterial endotoxins
47
Gangrene
Necrosis (death) of tissue, usually resulting from deficient or absent blood supply
48
Dry (ischemic Necrosis) Gangrene
gangrene caused by arterial obstruction
49
Moist (wet) Gangrene
gangrene caused by impaired venous drainage
50
Gas Gangrene
caused by bacterium Clostridium perfringens
51
Dehydration
Decrease in total volume of body fluids
52
Plethora
increase in whole body blood volume. Caused by excess blood from transfusion, overactive bone marrow
53
Diminished Circulation
May lead to syncope (cessation of circulation)
54
Abscess
Localized accumulation of pus
55
Emaciation
excessive body wasting, usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition
56
En
mean in or on
57
Encephalitis
inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a direct viral infection or a hyper-sensitivity reaction to a virus or foreign protein.
58
Endemic
Prevalent in or restricted to a particular region, community, or group of people.
59
Endo
Inside, within
60
Endocarditis
When the endocardium becomes damaged, bacteria from the blood stream can become lodged on the heart valves or heart lining.
61
Endocervicitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the uterine cervix
62
Endometriosis
a condition in which bits of the tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grow in other parts of the body
63
Endogenous Infection
An infection caused by an infectious agent that is already present in the body, but has previously been inapparent or dormant.
64
Endospores
a thick-walled body formed within the vegetative cells of certain bacteria (e.g., Bacillus, Clostridium, Sarcina) that can withstand adverse environmental conditions for prolonged periods; under favorable conditions it will germinate to form a vegetative bacterium.
65
Endotoxin
A toxin that forms an integral part from WITHIN the cell wall of certain bacteria and is only released upon destruction of the bacterial cell
66
Enteritis
inflammation of the intestine, especially of the small intestine.
67
Entero
Intestines
68
Epi
on, upon, above
69
Epidermic
Outer layer if the skin
70
Epilepsy
a disorder of the central nervous system characterized by periodic loss of consciousness with or without convulsions. In some cases it is due to brain damage but in others the cause is unknown
71
Esophagitis
inflammation of the esophagus; often caused by gastroesophageal reflux
72
Esthesia
mental responsiveness and awareness
73
Etiology
The science and study of the causes or origins of disease.
74
Ex
Outside; out of; away from
75
Exacerbation
An increase in the severity of a disease or in any of its signs or symptoms.
76
Exogenous Infection
an infection that develops from bacteria normally outside the body that have gained access to the body.
77
Exotoxin
a potent toxin formed and excreted by the bacterial cell, and free in the surrounding medium
78
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count

Pathology Units 5-8 (4 decks)

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