Unit 6: Mace on Combined Schedules of Reinforcement and Function Based Treatments Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
a schedule of reinforcement is…
A
the criteria by which responses become eligible to produce reinforcement
2
Q
a VR 2 schedule is one in which…
A
on average, ever second response is reinforced.
3
Q
A CRF schedule is a member of what class of reinforcement schedule?
A
fixed ratio
4
Q
What change in response rates is typically observed at FR1, VR10, VR50, VR200 and VR400?
A
low at FR1, sharp increase to VR10, further increase to VR50, slight decrease to VR200, further slight decrease to VR400
5
Q
What pattern of responding is promoted by intermittent FR schedules?
A
high rate with a post-reinforcement pause
6
Q
what pattern of responding is promoted by VR schedules?
A
moderate to hight rate without a post-reinforcement pause
7
Q
Which of the following is not an interval schedule?
A) VI
B) DRO
C) FI
A
DRO
8
Q
a fixed interval (FI) schedule…
A
delivers reinforcers contingent on the first response after a fixed time interval
9
Q
what pattern of responding is promoted by FI schedules in nonhumans?
A
long post-reinforcement pause followed by accelerating response rates
10
Q
a variable interval schedule…
A
delivers reinforcers contingent on the first response after a varying period of time
11
Q
what pattern of responding is promoted with VI schedules?
A
moderate and consistent rate without post-reinforcement pause.
12
Q
A student answers her teacher’s questions. Correct answers meet with teacher approval. What schedule of reinforcement does this represent?
A
VR
13
Q
A student performs arithmetic problems on a worksheet for a homework assignment. When he is finished his parent allows him to play video games. What schedule of reinforcement does this represent?
A
FR
14
Q
Which type of schedule of reinforcement promotes the highest response rate?
A) Fixed interval
B) Fixed ratio
C) Progressive ratio
A
fixed ratio
15
Q
When the schedule of reinforcement becomes too thin, an organism may stop responding altogether. This is known as:
A
ratio strain
16
Q
Fixed Ratio (FR) 1 schedules promote what pattern of behavior?
A
Low response rates that are relatively resistant to extinction
17
Q
Why are Variable Interval (VI) schedules often used in basic research?
A
Response rate and reinforcement rate are independent
18
Q
In fixed time (FT) and variable time (VT) schedules, reinforcers are delivered:
A
contingent on the passage of time
19
Q
FT and VT schedules…
A
can be used to decrease the frequency of undesirable behavior
20
Q
a multiple schedule of reinforcement involves…
A
two or more schedule components, each correlated with a distinct stimulus, that alternate
21
Q
which schedule does not have distinct stimuli correlated with schedule components?
A
tandem schedule
22
Q
A chained schedule is to a tandem schedule as:
A
A multiple schedule is to a mixed schedule
23
Q
A person is getting ready to go on vacation. She packs her bags, goes to the airport, and flies to Florida. This is an example of what kind of schedule?
A
chained schedule
24
Q
If you wanted to reduce undesirable behavior quickly without accidentally reinforcing it, which combined schedule of reinforcement would you use?
A
conjunctive FT, DRO
25
The main difference between a concurrent schedule and an alternative schedule of reinforcement is:
An alternative schedule reflects a preference for one schedule over another; in a concurrent schedule behavior usually alternates between the available schedules
26
Which of the following schedule(s) of reinforcement are the best representation(s) of natural human environments?
A) A fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
B) A discriminative schedule of reinforcement
C) A multiple concurrent schedule
D) A concurrent chained schedule
E) 3 and 4
E) 3 and 4
- a discriminative schedule of reinforcement
- a multiple concurrent schedule
27
Which schedule of reinforcement is used to study self-control?
a concurrent chained schedule
28
According to Mace, the term behavioral function refers to:
events that motivate, occasion and reinforce a response class.
29
why is it important to consider response class hierarchies when implementing function-based treatments
it allows you to implement the treatment before bx escalates to severe forms of problem bx
30
the major bx functions are related to what behavioral processes?
positive reinforcement
| negative reinforcement
31
```
which of the following is not a general treatment option with function-based treatments?
A) response cost
B) extinction
C) time contingent schedules
D) differential reinforcement
```
response cost
32
```
What function-based treatment procedure for attention maintained problem behavior would you be using if you attended to other children when the target child engaged in problem?
A) differential reinforcement
B) extinction
C) time contingent attention
D) response cost
```
extinction
33
‘Catch them being good’ is an example of what function-based treatment procedure?
A) time contingent schedules of attention
B) tangible reinforcement
C) differential reinforcement
D) DRO
differential reinforcement
34
```
A gradual change in the type, frequency or duration of task demands is an example of what type of function-based treatment?
A) differential reinforcement
B) stimulus fading
C) stimulus shaping
D) matching to sample
```
stimulus fading
35
```
A child’s tantrums are maintained by access to preferred objects and a therapist provides a substitute object contingent on tantrums. This illustrates a failure to implement which function-based treatment procedure?
A) differential reinforcement
B) response cost
C) timeout
D) extinction
```
extinction
36
```
A drug that is a neurotransmitter blocker is an example of what kind of function-based treatment?
A) biological extinction
B) biological sensory masking
C) differential reinforcement
D) negative punishement
```
biological extinction
37
```
Requiring completion of a task before beginning the next scheduled activity is an example of what function-based treatment procedure?
A) differential reinforcement
B) positive punishment
C) extinction
D) stimulus fading
```
extinction
38
```
Functional Communication Training (FCT) is an example of what function-based treatment procedure?
A) DRA
B) time-contingent schedules
C) DRO
D) DRH
```
DRA
39
```
Providing task assistance without the child asking for it is an example of what function-based treatment?
A) differential reinforcement
B) stimulus fading
C) extinction
D) time contingent schedules
```
time contingent schedules
40
```
Interspersing preferred tasks among more difficult tasks is an example of what kind of function-based treatment procedure
A) differential reinforcement
B) stimulus fading
C) extinction
D) time contingent schedules
```
stimulus fading
41
```
Teaching a child to take their own medication is an example of what function-based treatment procedure?
A) differential reinforcement
B) stimulus fading
C) task avoidance
D) extinction
```
differential reinforcement
42
```
Provide a highly preferred activity to distract a child from a pending unpleasant, but necessary event is an example of what function-based treatment procedure?
A) time contingent schedules
B) extinction
C) avoidance of warning stimuli
D) differential reinforcement
```
differential reinforcement
43
```
Signaling the pending onset of an unpleasant event with verbal cues or timers is an example of what kind of function-based treatment procedure?
A) time contingent schedules
B) stimlulus fading
C) stimulus fading plus extinction
D) extinction
```
stimulus fading
44
What is the essential feature of an extinction operaton?
A) discontinuation of reinforcement
B) discontinuation of the contingency between the response and the reinforcer
C) ensuring that the behavior is not reinforced
D) ensuring that reinforcement is available for pro-social alternative behaviors
discontinuation of the contingency btw the response and the reinforcer
45
An extinction process is:
A) the discontinuation of reinforcement
B) the discontinuation of the contingency between the response and the reinforcer
C) the reduction in response frequency resulting from the extinction operation
D) all procedures known to extinguish behavior
C) the reduction in response frequency resulting from the extinction operation
46
```
Which does not initially increase in an extinction burst
A) response latency
B) response frequency
C) response duration
D) response variability
```
response latency
47
Extinction induced aggression only occurs towards individuals associated with previous reinforcement
A) true
B) false
false
48
When extinction is combined with other treatment components, the side effects of extinction are more or less common?
A) more
B) less
C) about the same
less
49
Which does not contribute to the optimal design of a differential reinforcement procedure?
A) deliver contingent reinforcers as soon as possible after the behavioral criteria are met
B) deliver secondary reinforcers whenever possible with primary reinforcers
C) arrange motivating conditions that will establish the effectiveness of reinforcers
D) select a schedule of reinforcement that will effectively compete with the schedule maintaining problem behavior
B) deliver secondary reinforcers whenever possible with primary reinforcers
50
Time contingent reinforcer deliveries can be viewed as an extinction operation.
A) true
B) false
true
51
Van Camp, Lerman, Kelley et al. (2000) compared the effectiveness of fixed time (FT) and variable time (VT) schedules for reducing problem behavior and found?
A) FT schedules are more effective
B) VT schedules are more effective
C) FT and VT schedules are comparably effective
C) FT and VT schedules are comparably effective
52
Lalli et al. (1997) used time contingent schedules (NCR) with and without extinction and found?
C) both are similarly effective
53
```
The conceptual framework presented for designing function-based treatments is based on:
A) Matching Theory
B) Behavioral Momentum Theory
C) Behavioral Economics
D) a and b
E) a and c
```
D) a and b
matching theory and
behavioral momentum
54
```
Which variable does not affect behavioral mass?
A) reinforcer availability
B) reinforcer quality
C) response effort
D) duration of reinforcement history
```
reinforcer availability
55
If problem behavior is maintained by an FR1 schedule, which of the following schedules for pro-social behavior would be likely to effectively compete with it?
CRF
56
What is necessary to implement function-based treatment pro-actively?
A) reinforcers must be readily available
B) preference assessment need to be conducted on a regular basis
C) careproviders must learn to discriminate major motivating operations
D) problem behavior must not be allowed to occur
care providers must learn to discriminate major motivating operations
57
```
In Reynolds (1961) experiment, behavioral contrast was demonstrated in what schedule of reinforcement?
A) Multiple VI VI; Multiple VI EXT
B) Concurrent VI VI
C) Alternative VI VR
D) A chained schedule
E) None of the above
```
A) Multiple VI VI; Multiple VI EXT
58
What is the counterintuitive finding in behavioral contrast?
C) Responding in the unchanged component increases despite no increase in rate of reinforcement
59
Reynolds (1961) study on behavioral contrast illustrates:
B) An interaction between schedule components
60
In behavioral contrast, the change in behavior in the unchanged schedule component can be seen as what kind of behavior?
compensatory
61
John A. (Tony) Nevin’s work is most closely related to whose work?
Issac Newton
62
Behavioral momentum is:
A) The product of behavioral mass times behavioral velocity
B) The tendency for a pattern of behavior to persist despite some opposition to the response-reinforcer relationship
C) A useful concept for clinical interventions
D) First developed by John A. Nevin
E) All of the above
E) All of the above
63
Which of the following is not a response-reinforcer disruptor:
A) Extinction
B) Satiation
C) Punishment
D) DRA
E) A change from a VI 60-s schedule of reinforcement to a VR 60 schedule
E) A change from a VI 60-s schedule of reinforcement to a VR 60 schedule
64
```
In which of the following baseline schedules would behavior be more resistant to change?
A) VI 60-s
B) VI 120-s
C) VI 240-s
D) Conjunctive VI 60-s, VT 30-s
E) VR 500
```
D) Conjunctive VI 60-s, VT 30-s
65
Nevin et al. 1990 demonstrated that behavioral mass is a function of what kind of contingencies?
stimulus-stimulus
66
What is the most significant applied implication of the Nevin et al. findings?
A) Adding reinforcement to an environment in which problem behavior occurs can increase the persistence of problem behavior
B) Positive reinforcement of desirable behavior is the best way to treat problem behavior
C) The higher the rate of contingent reinforcement, the more persistent behavior is
D) Behavioral velocity is the most important component of behavioral momentum
E) None of the above
A) Adding reinforcement to an environment in which problem behavior occurs can increase the persistence of problem behavior
67
behavioral mass is
resistance of baseline response rate to change
68
Which of the following is true about behavioral momentum?
A) It is a positive function of stimulus-reinforcer contingencies
B) It is a positive function of response-reinforcer contingencies
C) It has only been demonstrated in rats and pigeons
D) It is a metaphor about choice
A) It is a positive function of stimulus-reinforcer contingencies
69
The Nevin, Mandel & Atak (1983) experiments on behavioral momentum had what major limitation?
A) There were only two response-reinforcer disruptors studied
B) The findings were not replicated for most pigeons
C) Response-reinforcer contingencies were confounded with stimulus-reinforcer contingencies
D) Resistance to change was not a positive function of baseline rates of reinforcement
C) Response-reinforcer contingencies were confounded with stimulus-reinforcer contingencies
70
What was the main purpose of Nevin et al.’s 1990 paper?
A) To determine whether momentum is a function of stimulus-reinforcer or response-reinforcer contingencies
B) To extend study of the range of response disruptors to extinction and satiation
C) To determine whether momentum is a function stimulus-response contingencies
D) To replicate Nevin et al. (1983) with a greater number of subjects
A) To determine whether momentum is a function of stimulus-reinforcer or response-reinforcer contingencies
71
```
Nevin et al. 1990 employed what baseline procedure to study resistance to change?
A) A concurrent schedule
B) A multiple schedule
C) A concurrent chain schedule
D) A multiple concurrent schedule
```
D) A multiple concurrent schedule
72
Nevin et al. 1990 found that alternative reinforcement:
A) Increased baseline response rates for the target response
B) Increased resistance to change during extinction and satiation tests
C) Did not affect resistance to change
D) Resistance to change was not a positive function of baseline rates of reinforcement
B) Increased resistance to change during extinction and satiation tests
73
```
The principal finding from Nevin et al. 1990 was that resistance to change is a function of what kind of contingencies?
A) Stimulus-stimulus
B) Stimulus-response
C) Response-response
D) Response-stimulus
```
stimulus-stimulus
74
The principal purpose of Mace et al. (JEAB, 1990) was:
A) To demonstrate that the high-p treatment works because of behavioral momentum
B) To replicate Nevin et al. (1990) using extinction and satiation as response disruptors
C) Establish the species generality of Nevin et al. (1990)
D) Challenge previous research findings on behavioral momentum
C) Establish the species generality of Nevin et al. (1990)
75
The response disruptor in Mace et al. (1990) was:
distraction
76
Mace et al. (1990) replicated:
Nevin et al. (1983) and (1990)
77
What schedules of reinforcement did Herrnstein (1961) use to formulate the Matching Law?
Concurrent VI VI schedules
78
Herrnstein’s (1961) Matching Law states:
Relative response rate will match relative reinforcement rate
79
A changeover delay:
A) Discourages adventitious reinforcement of schedule switching
B) Imposes a brief delay to reinforcement when an organism switches from one concurrent schedule component to another
C) Can be necessary to make relative response rate sensitive to relative reinforcement rate
D) 1 and 2
E) All of the above
E) all the above
80
Herrnstein’s (1961) Matching Law examined choice using which schedules?
Pairs of concurrent VI VI schedules
81
Herrnstein (1970):
A) Replicated Herrnstein (1961)
B) Summarized findings from a large number of experiments confirming the matching relation
C) Formed the basis of the Generalized Matching Law
D) Conducted the first applied research on the Matching Law
B) Summarized findings from a large number of experiments confirming the matching relation
82
```
What statistical analysis is used to quantify parameters of the Generalized Matching Law?
A) Simple linear regression
B) T-tests
C) Multiple regression
D) Analysis of variance
```
A) Simple linear regression
83
```
Which of the following variables do not affect choice?
A) Reinforcer quality
B) Reinforcer rate
C) Ratio strain
D) Response effort
E) Reinforcer delay
```
C) Ratio strain
84
Rate of reinforcement is reflected in:
A) The response requirements necessary to produce reinforcement
B) The qualitative differences in different frequencies of reinforcement
C) How many times reinforcers are delivered when target behaviors do not occur
D) The schedule of reinforcement
D) the schedule of reinforcement
85
One parent reprimands a child’s disruptive behavior and the other parents offers to play with the child following disruptive behavior. These different forms of attention reflect differences in:
reinforcer quality
86
A student has the choice to work on an assignment or engage in disruptive behavior. This choice differs with regard to:
Reinforcer quality and delay, and response requirements
87
In the Generalized Matching Equation, bias (a) reflects:
A) The sensitivity to relative rates of reinforcement
B) Asymmetries in alternatives
C) Preference for one rate of reinforcement over another
D) The slope of the regression line
B) Asymmetries in alternatives
88
Overmatching refers to:
A) Engaging in higher rates of responding than necessary to maximize reinforcement
B) The bias parameter in the Generalized Matching Equation exceeding 1.0
C) Allocating more responses to the richer of two concurrent schedules
D) The effects of reinforcer quality
A) Engaging in higher rates of responding than necessary to maximize reinforcement
89
A preference assessment would identify what variable that affects choice?
quality of reinforcement
90
According to the Matching Law, if an inappropriate behavior is reinforced on a VI schedule, what reinforcement schedule for appropriate behavior will produce increases in appropriate behavior at any schedule value?
VI
91
According to the Matching Law, if an inappropriate behavior is reinforced on a VR schedule, what reinforcement schedule for appropriate behavior will produce increases in appropriate behavior at any schedule value?
VI
92
Which schedule is most commonly used to study self-control?
concurrent chain schedule
93
An organism is said to behave impulsively when:
They choose a less valued reinforcer with a shorter delay over a more valued reinforcer with a longer delay
94
Which of the following factors affect whether an organism shows self-control?
A) The value of the initial link schedule
B) The time from completion of the initial link to the onset of the terminal link
C) The relative delay to reinforcement
D) The availability of a commitment response
E) All but “1”
E) All but “1”
95
A commitment response is made when?
a person chooses to place himself/herself in a situation without the impulsive choice alternative
96
According to Nevin and Grace (2000):
A) The factors that affect choice affect behavioral mass
B) History of reinforcement affects behavioral mass
C) Choice and persistence are a function of relative rate of reinforcement among other factors
D) A discriminated operant’s behavioral mass changes over the life of the individual
E) All of the above
E) All of the above
