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Microbiology > Unit 6 Nutrition And Metabolism > Flashcards

Unit 6 Nutrition And Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial growth requires

A

A source of energy and raw materials

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2
Q

Why can bacteria grow inside of us

A

Because they need environmental conditions similar to the ones in our body

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3
Q

Macronutrients definition

A

Required in large amounts

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4
Q

Micronutrients

A

Required in small amounts

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5
Q

What is the most important macronutrients

A

Water

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6
Q

Growth factor definition

A

Organic compound essential for bacterial growth but cannot be synthesized by the organism

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7
Q

Exemple growth factors

A

Vitamins (B complex )
Amino acids
Purines and Pyrimidines ( for production of nucleus acid)

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8
Q

How many amino acids

A

20

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9
Q

Prototrophs

A

Microorganism that has the ability to synthesize growth factors

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10
Q

Auxotrophs

A

Organism that has lost the ability to synthesize growth factors and take they from environment

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11
Q

Are most of the bacteria prototrophs or Auxotrophs

A

Auxotrophs

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12
Q

Cell cycle

A

Series of events that takes place in a cell from its formation to its division

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13
Q

Mean generation time

A

The time it’s takes a population to double in number

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14
Q

Bacterial growth definition

A

Increase of cell constituents

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15
Q

Microbial growth curve in a closed system

A

Lag phase
Exponential phase
Stationary phase
Death phase

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16
Q

Lag phase

A

Preparation for cell division

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17
Q

Exponential phase

A

Reproduce massively

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18
Q

Stationary phase

A

Plateau because of nutrient and air limitation and accumulation of toxic compounds

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19
Q

Death

A

Decline in number of viable cells

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20
Q

Exemple of bacteria able to live in salty environment

A

Halophiles

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21
Q

Environmental conditions for bacterial growth

A

Osmotic pressure
Humidity
Temperature
pH

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22
Q

pH

A

Most of them 7-7,2

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23
Q

Why is temperature important

A

Too high or too low temperatures can disturb enzym catalyzed reactions

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24
Q

Types of bacteria considering temperature

A

Psychrophiles
Mesophiles
Thermophiles

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25
Q

Psycrophiles

A

Cold 5-20, Oceans
Lots of Fatty Acids in the plasma membrane

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26
Q

Mesophils

A

20-40
Human body

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27
Q

Thermophils

A

40-80

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28
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Always use O2

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29
Q

Always use O2

A

Aerobes

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30
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

With or without but prefer O2

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31
Q

With or without but prefer O2

A

Facultative anaerobes

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32
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

No preference

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33
Q

No preference in O2

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

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34
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Never

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35
Q

Never O2

A

Obligate anaerobes

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36
Q

Metabolism

A

Total of all the chemical reactions occurring in the cell

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37
Q

Catabolism is also called

A

Energetic metabolism

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38
Q

Energetic metabolism is also called

A

Catabolism

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39
Q

Anabolism is also called

A

Synthetic metabolism

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40
Q

Synthetic metabolism is also called

A

Anabolism

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41
Q

Definition anabolism

A

Creation of big molecules from smaller parts
Needs ATP

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42
Q

Catabolism definition

A

Breakdown of big molecules into aller ones
Release ATP

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43
Q

Exemple macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids

44
Q

Catabolism of macromolecules results in…

A

simple molecules, electrons and ATP

45
Q

Autotrophs

A

Use CO2 as a source of carbon

46
Q

Heterotrophs get carbon…

A

from organic sources

47
Q

Phototrophs get energy from…

A

Light

48
Q

… use light as a source of energy

A

Phototrophs

49
Q

Chemotrophs use…

A

Red/ox as a source of energy

50
Q

… use red/ox as a source of energy

A

Chemotrophs

51
Q

Most of the pathogenic bacteria are…
(Source of carbon and energy)

A

Heterotrophs and Chemotrophs

52
Q

Catabolism stages

A

Chemotaxis
Digestion
Absorption
Preparation
Oxidation

53
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Detection and approach nutrients

54
Q

Digestion

A

Hydrolysis of large molecules via enzymes that are released by bacteria

55
Q

Ex digestive enzymes

A

Protease, Peptidase, lipase, sucrase

56
Q

Absorption

A

The small molecules produced get into the cytoplasm by active or passive transport mechanisms

57
Q

Preparation

A

Complex metabolic pathways where the smaller molecules get degraded a second time
Little bit of energy produced

58
Q

Oxidation

A

Complete oxidation forming simple end products

59
Q

Simple or passive diffusion

A

Substance passes through the membrane without intermediary
Follows the gradient so doesn’t require energy

60
Q

Osmosis

A

Water diffusion
No energy needed

61
Q

Associated permease transport

A

Via cytoplasmic membrane proteins

With gradient➡️facilitated diffusion

Against gradient➡️active transport

62
Q

Difference substances transported by simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion

A

Simple diffusion transports smaller molecules, non polar/hydrophobic molecules

63
Q

Group translocation

A

Molecule changes while entering the cell
Requires energy

64
Q

Exemple group translocation

A

Phosphorylation of sucrose

65
Q

Is water polar or non polar

A

Polar

66
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Faster than simple diffusion
Used to transport hydrophilic molecules
Protein that recognizes specific molecules

67
Q

Name of the protein of facilitated and active transport

A

Permeases

68
Q

Two oxidation processes

A

Respiration: oxidative phosphorylation
Last compound is inorganic

Fermentation :substrate level phosphorylation
Last compound is organic

69
Q

Aerobic respiration generates 2 toxic oxidizing byproducts for the bacteria…

A

H2O2 hydrogen peroxyde
O2- superoxide anion

70
Q

Enzymes that protect from the toxic byproducts

A

Catalase for hydrogen peroxide
Superoxide dismutase

71
Q

Two types of respiration

A

Aerobic
Anaerobic

72
Q

Which respiration produces the most ATP

A

Aerobic respiration

73
Q

Fermentation

A

Anaerobic
Terminal acceptor is organic
Production of acids
Low energy yield 2ATP/ Glucose

74
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Electron transport chain
Terminal electron acceptor is O2
High energy yield 38ATP/ glucose

75
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Electron transport chain
Terminal electron acceptor is NOT O2, could be carbon dioxide, nitrate, sulfate
Energy yield medium

76
Q

In the lab we should reproduce and supply

A

Optimum growth conditions: T, O2, pH, osmotic pressure
Nutrients

77
Q

To have optimum growth conditions and supply nutrients we need

A

Culture media: solid, semi-solid, liquid. Natural, synthetic or semisynthetic

Incubator

78
Q

What are incubators for

A

Temperature
Atmosphere: aerobic, anaerobic, microaerophilic, CO2 enrichment

79
Q

Bacteria that require low level of dioxygen

A

Microaerophile

80
Q

Main purposes of cultivation

A

Grow and isolate microorganisms present in a clinical specimen

Determine which microorganism are most likely causing infections

Obtain sufficient growth to allow identification, characterization and susceptibility testing

81
Q

Cultivation

A

Process of growing microorganisms in culture in the artificial environment of the lab by taking them from the infection site

82
Q

Classification of the media by the physical state

A

Liquid
Semi solid
Solid

83
Q

Solid state

A

Firm surface on which cells can form discrete colonies
Advantageous for isolating and culturing different bacteria and fungi

Observation of colonies

84
Q

Semi solid

A

At normal room temperature, clot like consistency

85
Q

Liquid

A

Water based solutions that do not solidify at temperatures above freezing
Present a dispersed or cloudy appearance (turbidity)

86
Q

Synthetic chemical composition

A

Precise composition

87
Q

Semisynthetic composition

A

Partially known

88
Q

Functional types of media

A

General purpose
Enriched
Selective
Differential

89
Q

General purpose media

A

To grow a broad spectrum of microbes

90
Q

Enriched media

A

Contains substances such as blood, plasma, growth factors, etc required for the growth of the bacteria

91
Q

Selective media

A

Contains agents that inhibit the growth of certain bacteria
Could be antibiotics

92
Q

Differential media

A

Multiple bacteria grow, but show differences, in color for ex

93
Q

Bacterial colony

A

Numerous bacterial cells derived from one parent

94
Q

2 ways of identifying bacteria

A

Genotyping characteristics

Phenotypic characteristics

95
Q

Genotyping characteristics

A

Using molecular techniques for DNA or RNA analysis

96
Q

Indentification via phenotypic characteristics

A

Microscopic morphology and staining characteristics
Macroscopic morphology, including odor and color
Environmental requirements for growth
Resistance or suceptibility to microbial agents
Nutritional requirements and metabolic byproducts (waste)

97
Q

Biochemical tests used in identification of bacteria

A

Test the presence of enzymes

To demonstrate metabolic pathways

Ability to survive in the presence of inhibitors

98
Q

Test the presence of enzymes like…

A

Catalase
Urease

99
Q

Test for metabolic pathways

A

Oxidation and fermentation tests
Amino acid degradation
Using a substrate

100
Q

Two type of diagnostic techniques

A

Direct (test the bacteria)
Indirect (test the blood)

101
Q

Direct diagnostic techniques

A

Microscopy
Culture (selective etc)
Antigen detection
Biochemical tests
Antibiogram
Nucleic acid detection
Proteomic techniques (proteins)

102
Q

Antibiogram

A

Testing the resistance of a bacteria to drugs

103
Q

Immunologic techniques

A

Antibody and antigen detection

104
Q

Serology test

A

Test the presence of antibodies

105
Q

Molecular techniques

A

Nucleic acid detection

106
Q

Respiration is also called

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

107
Q

Fermentation is also called

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

Microbiology (12 decks)

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