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Microbiology > Unit 6 Nutrition And Metabolism > Flashcards

Unit 6 Nutrition And Metabolism Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

Bacterial growth requires

A

A source of energy and raw materials

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2
Q

Why can bacteria grow inside of us

A

Because they need environmental conditions similar to the ones in our body

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3
Q

Macronutrients definition

A

Required in large amounts

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4
Q

Micronutrients

A

Required in small amounts

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5
Q

What is the most important macronutrients

A

Water

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6
Q

Growth factor definition

A

Organic compound essential for bacterial growth but cannot be synthesized by the organism

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7
Q

Exemple growth factors

A

Vitamins (B complex )
Amino acids
Purines and Pyrimidines ( for production of nucleus acid)

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8
Q

How many amino acids

A

20

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9
Q

Prototrophs

A

Microorganism that has the ability to synthesize growth factors

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10
Q

Auxotrophs

A

Organism that has lost the ability to synthesize growth factors and take they from environment

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11
Q

Are most of the bacteria prototrophs or Auxotrophs

A

Auxotrophs

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12
Q

Cell cycle

A

Series of events that takes place in a cell from its formation to its division

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13
Q

Mean generation time

A

The time it’s takes a population to double in number

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14
Q

Bacterial growth definition

A

Increase of cell constituents

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15
Q

Microbial growth curve in a closed system

A

Lag phase
Exponential phase
Stationary phase
Death phase

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16
Q

Lag phase

A

Preparation for cell division

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17
Q

Exponential phase

A

Reproduce massively

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18
Q

Stationary phase

A

Plateau because of nutrient and air limitation and accumulation of toxic compounds

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19
Q

Death

A

Decline in number of viable cells

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20
Q

Exemple of bacteria able to live in salty environment

A

Halophiles

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21
Q

Environmental conditions for bacterial growth

A

Osmotic pressure
Humidity
Temperature
pH

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22
Q

pH

A

Most of them 7-7,2

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23
Q

Why is temperature important

A

Too high or too low temperatures can disturb enzym catalyzed reactions

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24
Q

Types of bacteria considering temperature

A

Psychrophiles
Mesophiles
Thermophiles

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25
Psycrophiles
Cold 5-20, Oceans Lots of Fatty Acids in the plasma membrane
26
Mesophils
20-40 Human body
27
Thermophils
40-80
28
Obligate aerobes
Always use O2
29
Always use O2
Aerobes
30
Facultative anaerobes
With or without but prefer O2
31
With or without but prefer O2
Facultative anaerobes
32
Aerotolerant anaerobes
No preference
33
No preference in O2
Aerotolerant anaerobes
34
Obligate Anaerobes
Never
35
Never O2
Obligate anaerobes
36
Metabolism
Total of all the chemical reactions occurring in the cell
37
Catabolism is also called
Energetic metabolism
38
Energetic metabolism is also called
Catabolism
39
Anabolism is also called
Synthetic metabolism
40
Synthetic metabolism is also called
Anabolism
41
Definition anabolism
Creation of big molecules from smaller parts Needs ATP
42
Catabolism definition
Breakdown of big molecules into aller ones Release ATP
43
Exemple macromolecules
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids
44
Catabolism of macromolecules results in…
simple molecules, electrons and ATP
45
Autotrophs
Use CO2 as a source of carbon
46
Heterotrophs get carbon…
from organic sources
47
Phototrophs get energy from…
Light
48
… use light as a source of energy
Phototrophs
49
Chemotrophs use…
Red/ox as a source of energy
50
… use red/ox as a source of energy
Chemotrophs
51
Most of the pathogenic bacteria are… (Source of carbon and energy)
Heterotrophs and Chemotrophs
52
Catabolism stages
Chemotaxis Digestion Absorption Preparation Oxidation
53
Chemotaxis
Detection and approach nutrients
54
Digestion
Hydrolysis of large molecules via enzymes that are released by bacteria
55
Ex digestive enzymes
Protease, Peptidase, lipase, sucrase
56
Absorption
The small molecules produced get into the cytoplasm by active or passive transport mechanisms
57
Preparation
Complex metabolic pathways where the smaller molecules get degraded a second time Little bit of energy produced
58
Oxidation
Complete oxidation forming simple end products
59
Simple or passive diffusion
Substance passes through the membrane without intermediary Follows the gradient so doesn’t require energy
60
Osmosis
Water diffusion No energy needed
61
Associated permease transport
Via cytoplasmic membrane proteins With gradient➡️facilitated diffusion Against gradient➡️active transport
62
Difference substances transported by simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion
Simple diffusion transports smaller molecules, non polar/hydrophobic molecules
63
Group translocation
Molecule changes while entering the cell Requires energy
64
Exemple group translocation
Phosphorylation of sucrose
65
Is water polar or non polar
Polar
66
Facilitated diffusion
Faster than simple diffusion Used to transport hydrophilic molecules Protein that recognizes specific molecules
67
Name of the protein of facilitated and active transport
Permeases
68
Two oxidation processes
Respiration: oxidative phosphorylation Last compound is inorganic Fermentation :substrate level phosphorylation Last compound is organic
69
Aerobic respiration generates 2 toxic oxidizing byproducts for the bacteria…
H2O2 hydrogen peroxyde O2- superoxide anion
70
Enzymes that protect from the toxic byproducts
Catalase for hydrogen peroxide Superoxide dismutase
71
Two types of respiration
Aerobic Anaerobic
72
Which respiration produces the most ATP
Aerobic respiration
73
Fermentation
Anaerobic Terminal acceptor is organic Production of acids Low energy yield 2ATP/ Glucose
74
Aerobic respiration
Electron transport chain Terminal electron acceptor is O2 High energy yield 38ATP/ glucose
75
Anaerobic respiration
Electron transport chain Terminal electron acceptor is NOT O2, could be carbon dioxide, nitrate, sulfate Energy yield medium
76
In the lab we should reproduce and supply
Optimum growth conditions: T, O2, pH, osmotic pressure Nutrients
77
To have optimum growth conditions and supply nutrients we need
Culture media: solid, semi-solid, liquid. Natural, synthetic or semisynthetic Incubator
78
What are incubators for
Temperature Atmosphere: aerobic, anaerobic, microaerophilic, CO2 enrichment
79
Bacteria that require low level of dioxygen
Microaerophile
80
Main purposes of cultivation
Grow and isolate microorganisms present in a clinical specimen Determine which microorganism are most likely causing infections Obtain sufficient growth to allow identification, characterization and susceptibility testing
81
Cultivation
Process of growing microorganisms in culture in the artificial environment of the lab by taking them from the infection site
82
Classification of the media by the physical state
Liquid Semi solid Solid
83
Solid state
Firm surface on which cells can form discrete colonies Advantageous for isolating and culturing different bacteria and fungi Observation of colonies
84
Semi solid
At normal room temperature, clot like consistency
85
Liquid
Water based solutions that do not solidify at temperatures above freezing Present a dispersed or cloudy appearance (turbidity)
86
Synthetic chemical composition
Precise composition
87
Semisynthetic composition
Partially known
88
Functional types of media
General purpose Enriched Selective Differential
89
General purpose media
To grow a broad spectrum of microbes
90
Enriched media
Contains substances such as blood, plasma, growth factors, etc required for the growth of the bacteria
91
Selective media
Contains agents that inhibit the growth of certain bacteria Could be antibiotics
92
Differential media
Multiple bacteria grow, but show differences, in color for ex
93
Bacterial colony
Numerous bacterial cells derived from one parent
94
2 ways of identifying bacteria
Genotyping characteristics Phenotypic characteristics
95
Genotyping characteristics
Using molecular techniques for DNA or RNA analysis
96
Indentification via phenotypic characteristics
Microscopic morphology and staining characteristics Macroscopic morphology, including odor and color Environmental requirements for growth Resistance or suceptibility to microbial agents Nutritional requirements and metabolic byproducts (waste)
97
Biochemical tests used in identification of bacteria
Test the presence of enzymes To demonstrate metabolic pathways Ability to survive in the presence of inhibitors
98
Test the presence of enzymes like…
Catalase Urease
99
Test for metabolic pathways
Oxidation and fermentation tests Amino acid degradation Using a substrate
100
Two type of diagnostic techniques
Direct (test the bacteria) Indirect (test the blood)
101
Direct diagnostic techniques
Microscopy Culture (selective etc) Antigen detection Biochemical tests Antibiogram Nucleic acid detection Proteomic techniques (proteins)
102
Antibiogram
Testing the resistance of a bacteria to drugs
103
Immunologic techniques
Antibody and antigen detection
104
Serology test
Test the presence of antibodies
105
Molecular techniques
Nucleic acid detection
106
Respiration is also called
Oxidative phosphorylation
107
Fermentation is also called
Substrate level phosphorylation

Microbiology (12 decks)

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