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Microbiology > Unit 9 > Flashcards

Unit 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Symbiotic association

A

Organisms live in close nutritional relationships; required by one or both members

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2
Q

Non symbiotic association

A

Organisms whose relationship is not required for survival

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3
Q

Synergism

A

Members cooperate and share nutrients

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4
Q

Antagonism

A

One or several members are inhibited or destroyed by others

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5
Q

Pathogen

A

Microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in an infection

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6
Q

Non pathogenic microorganisms

A

Commensals or mutualists

Saprobes/saprophytes ( gets nutrients from dead remains of other organisms)

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7
Q

Types of pathogenic microorganisms

A

Primary/ True pathogens

Opportunistic pathogens

Facultative pathogens

Emerging pathogens

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8
Q

Primary pathogen

A

Capable of causing disease in healthy person with normal immune defenses

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9
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

Cause disease when host’s defenses are compromised or when they become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them

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10
Q

Facultative pathogens

A

organisms for which the host is only one of the niches they can exploit to reproduce.

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11
Q

Emerging

A

Newly identified

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12
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The ability to produce a disease

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13
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity

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14
Q

Virulence factors

A

Characteristics conferring virulence. Assist the pathogen in colonizing the host’s cells

Example: Toxins, capsule, degradative enzymes…

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15
Q

Infection

A

Multiplication of the pathogen in the host

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16
Q

Disease

A

Alteration in physiology due to infection

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17
Q

Direct damage is due to

A

Bacteria and their products

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18
Q

Indirect damage

A

Immunopathology (inflammation, complement s…)
Exagerated immune response
Chronicity of the infection

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19
Q

Sequence of events leading to disease

A

Transmission
Colonization and growth at the inoculation site
Tissue invasion/virulence factor product•
Immune response in the host
Resolution or infectious disease

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20
Q

Routes of transmission

A

Respiratory: Flugge drops
Gastrointestinal: fecal-oral
Genital : STD
Skin : wounds, puncture

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21
Q

Steps of pathogenesis

A

Transmission
Adherence
Invasiveness
Toxin production
Persisting in a new environment

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22
Q

Adhesion via

A

Adhesins
Fimbriae
Glycocalyx (capsule and slime layer)

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23
Q

Invasiveness def and via

A

Entry into host cells and tissues as a strategy for bacterial survival and multiplication

Via enzymes (to destroy the tissue) and immune response evasion (capsule to evade macrophages)

24
Q

Enzymes invasion

A
  • Collagenase and hyaluronidase
    Damage connective tissue
  • Proteases. Destroys protein such as immunoglobulin
  • Leukocidine. Pore forming protein
  • Lecithinase and phospholipase (destroy the tissues)
25
Toxin production
Damages other cells or functional abnormalities Exotoxins Endotoxins
26
Exotoxins +ex
Secreted in a soluble form into the media Encoded by plasmids or phages Both gram + - Exemple dipheteria, tetanus, botulinum toxins
27
Endotoxins
Lipopolysaccharide on gram - Encoded on chromosome Protects the bacteria Systemic effects such as fever or hypotension Can lead to toxic shock
28
Persisting in a new environment (Not being recognized)
Encapsulation Intracellular replication Evasion of complement system action Antigenic variation Antigenic masking Destruction of phagocytes Proteases for igA (destroys igA)
29
Encapsulation definition and function
Isolation of the cell in a semi permeable membrane allowing the entrance of nutrients and gases but not the host immune cells. Also resemblance to host tissue components
30
Intracellular replication permitted because of
Inhibition of phagolysosome fusion Resistance to lysosomal enzymes Escape form phagosome and grow in cytoplasm
31
Antigen masking
On their surface, foreign molecules have receptors for Fc, so antigen bind and the molecule is not recognized
32
Criteria for proving the causal relationship between a microorganism and specific disease according to Koch
1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms. 2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture. 3. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host. 4. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased
33
Limitations of Koch postulate
- some pathogens cannot be grown in pure culture outside the host (E.g. Mycobacterium leprae) - some pathogens grow only in humans - some pathogens produce more than one disease - opportunistic pathogens - polymicrobial diseases
34
Normal flora or microbiota
Microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) that colonize the healthy human body Called resident microorganisms
35
Human microbiome
Genome of the normal microbiota
36
Human microbiome project
Understand the role played by resident microbial ecosystems in heath and diseases
37
Normal flora function
Provided metabolic functions like synthesis of vitamin B and K Stimulates immunity Prevents colonization from unwanted pathogens
38
What influences normal flora
Anatomical location Diet Water Medicines Personal hygiene
39
The disruption of normal flora is called
Dysbiosis
40
Diseases related to microbiota
Disruption of normal flora, dysbiosis Breach of natural barriers - in the case of immunosuppression can cause infection because grow more - close to where the normally inhabit exemple anus vagina - not be in natural place
41
Microorganisms in skin where and type
Entry : sweat glands, hair follicle, sebaceous glands Abundant in folds (moisture and acidity) Essentially gram + bacteria: - staphylococcus epidermidis / aureus - Propionibacterium acnes - Corynebacterium
42
External ear
Similar to skin microbiota
43
Microorganisms in eyes
Similar to skin flora Nasal communication: if infection in nose, can spread to eyes
44
Naso and oropharynx microorganisms
Non pathogenic Neisseria and Haemophilus, Streptococcus viridans, bacteroids and some Clostridium in abundance Streptococcus viridans, nonpathogenic neiserias and the Staphylococcus epidermidis inhibit the growth of: Streptococcus pyogenes, Neisseria meningitidis and Staphylococcus aureus, all disease-causing more or less severe.
45
Esophagus microorganisms
Oropharyngeal bacteria and yeast
46
Stomach microorganisms
Helicobacter pilori
47
Intestines microorganisms
Intestine: Enterobacteriaceae (type of negative bacilli) and anaerobes -Bacteroides fragilis -Escherichia coli -Clostridium perfringens -Enterococcus faecalis -Lactobacilli
48
Amount of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract
From almost 0 in the stomach to a billion per gram of intestinal content in the colon
49
Normal urine is…
Sterile but close to anus, that’s why infections. Caused by gastrointestinal flora: E. coli, Proteus, enterococcus faecalis
50
Flora of the vagina
Lactobacillus ferment glucose on vaginal cells producing lactic acid. The low pH control he growth of Candida. - Gram positive and gram negative bacteria Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Enterobacteria etc.) - candida
51
Flora of distal portion of urethra
S. epidermidis. E. faecalis, Corynebacterium spp.
52
Probiotics
> Probiotics: alive microorganisms that when administered in a appropriate dosis benefits the host.
53
Prebiotic
non digestible ingredients (typically soluble fiber) that stimulate the growth and/or activity of the beneficial microbiota . E.g. fructo-oligosaccharides that favor the growth of bifidobacteria.
54
Symbiotics
probiotics + prebiotics. E.g. oligofructose and bifidobacteria.
55
How are called the microorganisms living in a healthy human being
Resident microorganisms

Microbiology (12 decks)

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