Unit 6: Respiration

Question 1

pharynx

Answer 1

throat, passageway for both air from nose or mouth and food from mouth

Question 2

larynx

Answer 2

between pharynx and trachea, contains vocal chords

Question 3

trachea

Answer 3

windpipe, connects larynx to lungs, uses mucus and cilia to help further purify air

Question 4

lungs

Answer 4

organs that enable breathing and gas exchange

Question 5

bronchi

Answer 5

2 large tubes in the chest, each leading into one lung

Question 6

bronchioles

Answer 6

passageways within each lung, lined with muscles that help regulate size

Question 7

alveoli

Answer 7

dead ends at the end of bronchioles, sac shaped, site of gas exchange

Question 8

diaphragm

Answer 8

dome shaped muscle under the lungs, contracts when you breath in, relaxes when you breath out

Question 9

capillaries

Answer 9

the smallest type of blood vessel, wall is one cell thick to allow for easy diffusion of substances to cells/alveoli

Question 10

arteries

Answer 10

blood vessels that lead away from the heart, normally oxygenated blood (except for pulmonary artery), have thicker muscle and high pressure

Question 11

veins

Answer 11

blood vessels that lead to the heart, normally deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary vein), have thinner muscle and lower pressure, have valves to prevent backflow

Question 12

red blood cells

Answer 12

a type of blood cells, contains hemoglobin, responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body

Question 13

hemoglobin

Answer 13

a substance in red blood cells that binds to oxygen

Question 14

heart

Answer 14

an organ/muscle in the chest that pumps blood to the lungs and body

Question 15

septum

Answer 15

the wall in the middle of the heart that divides the left and right sides, keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate

Question 16

atrium

Answer 16

upper chamber that receives blood, left atrium from lungs, right atrium from body

Question 17

ventricles

Answer 17

lower chamber that pumps blood out of the heart

Question 18

aorta

Answer 18

an artery that pumps (oxygenated) blood from the heart to the body, arc shaped

Question 19

vena cava

Answer 19

a vein that receives (deoxygenated) blood from the body

Question 20

pulmonary artery

Answer 20

an artery that pumps (deoxygenated) blood to the lungs

Question 21

pulmonary vein

Answer 21

a vein that receive (oxygenated) blood from the lungs

Question 22

erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 22

a hormone produced when there is not enough oxygen in the blood, causes more red blood cells to be produced

Question 23

pulmonary circulation

Answer 23

carries blood between the heart and lungs, oxygen poor blood goes to lungs, and oxygen rich blood returns to the heart, made up of pulmonary arteries, veins, capillaries

Question 24

systemic circulation

Answer 24

Carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body, oxygen rich blood goes to body, oxygen poor blood returns to heart, made up of arteries, veins, and capillaries

Question 25

mitochondria

Answer 25

a cell organelle where cellular respiration takes place (link reaction, Krebs cycle, ETC), has an inner and outer membrane, intermembrane space, and matrix

Question 26

cellular respiration

Answer 26

the process by which glucose is broken down to produce ATP (energy)

Question 27

aerobic

Answer 27

occurs with oxygen

Question 28

anaerobic

Answer 28

occurs without oxygen

Question 29

fermentation

Answer 29

an anaerobic process that allows cells to continue to produce ATP without oxygen

Question 30

glycolysis

Answer 30

"sugar braking," occurs in the cytoplasm, one glucose is broken down into two pyruvic acids, net 2 ATP (2 go in, 4 produced), 2 NADH

Question 31

link reaction

Answer 31

one CO2 and NADH are produced, pyruvic acid loses a carbon (to CO2) and coenzyme A is added on to create acetyl CoA

Question 32

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Answer 32

occurs in the matrix of a mitochondria after link reaction, products: 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, reactants: 1 pyruvic acid, rest of molecules are recycled

Question 33

electron transport chain

Answer 33

occurs in the inner membrane, NADH and FADH2 supply electrons to go through the chain, combine with H+ and O2 at the end to form H2O, ATP synthase used to produce ATP, reactants: O2, NADH, FADH2, ADP, products: NAD+, FAD, H2O, ~32 ATP

Question 34

ATP synthase

Answer 34

an enzyme in the inner membrane of mitochondria, facilitates the movement of H+ across the membrane harnessing the energy and producing ATP

Question 35

FAD

Answer 35

an electron acceptor molecule that goes into the Krebs cycle and is a product of the ETC, becomes FADH2 after accepting electrons

Question 36

NAD+

Answer 36

an electron acceptor molecule that goes into glycolysis and the Krebs cycle and is a product of the ETC, becomes NADH after accepting electrons

Question 37

glucose

Answer 37

a simple sugar, the "input" in cellular respiration

Question 38

pyruvic acid (pyruvate)

Answer 38

a three-carbon molecule that is a product of glycolysis and reactant of the link reaction

Question 39

acetyl-CoA

Answer 39

product of the link reaction, reactant of Krebs cycle, made up of acetic acid (2 carbon molecule) and coenzyme A (CoA)

Question 40

citric acid

Answer 40

6 carbon molecule produced in the Krebs cycle when 4-carbon molecule oxaloacetate combines with acetyl CoA, turned back into oxaloacetate by the end of the cycle (carbon lost as 2 CO2)

Question 41

ATP

Answer 41

a molecule with high chemical energy, made of an adenosine and 3 phosphorus groups, produced in cellular respiration, needed by cells for energy