Unit 7: Cell cycle

Question 1

Interphase (G1, S, G2)

Answer 1

first phase of the cell cycle, cell prepares to divide; G1-growth, S-DNA replication, G2-prep for division

Question 2

cell division

Answer 2

the process of splitting a parent cell into two daughter cells

Question 3

mitosis (PMAT)

Answer 3

the phase of the cell cycle where the nucleus divides in two, made of four sub phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 4

prophase

Answer 4

chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nucleus breaks down, spindles form

Question 5

metaphase

Answer 5

chromosomes aligned in middle with spindles attached

Question 6

anaphase

Answer 6

spindles pull chromosomes apart towards opposite ends of cells

Question 7

telophase

Answer 7

nucleus reforms, chromosomes start to un-condense into chromatin , cell starts to pinch in to divide cytoplasm

Question 8

cytokinesis

Answer 8

the division of the cytoplasm (and cytoplasmic organelles), normally overlaps with telophase

Question 9

cell plate

Answer 9

forms during cytokinesis in plant cells in the middle, new membrane and cell wall build off cell plate to form two new cells

Question 10

cleavage furrow

Answer 10

the pinched in area that is created when animals cells undergo cytokinesis

Question 11

centrioles & centrosomes

Answer 11

centrioles are an organelle that produce spindles to aid in cell division, have two structures, and two of them during cell division; centrosomes are the area surrounding centrioles

Question 12

spindle fibers

Answer 12

a system of microtubules that attach to chromosomes and help pull them apart in mitosis, form a fanning shape

Question 13

parent cell

Answer 13

the original cell, before division

Question 14

daughter cell

Answer 14

the two new cells produced by cell division

Question 15

Gap 0

Answer 15

a phase outside of the cell cycle where cells “rest” (don’t divide), may happen so cell can differentiate, doesn’t have enough resources, organism reached maturity

Question 16

cell differentiation

Answer 16

the process by which cells become specialized to perform a certain function

Question 17

apoptosis

Answer 17

programmed cell death, cell and chromatin shrink, membrane breaks up, surrounding cells clean up remains

Question 18

stem cells

Answer 18

unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop, adult stem cells are multipotent (can become a limited number of cell types), embryonic stem cells are pluripotent (can become any body cell type in body)

Question 19

cancer

Answer 19

a condition casued by the loss of control over cell growth and division

Question 20

chromosome

Answer 20

composed of two chromatids/ condensed chromatin, carries genetic information from parent to offspring

Question 21

histone proteins

Answer 21

the proteins around which DNA coils to form chromatin

Question 22

chromatid

Answer 22

one half of a chromosome, joined by centromere

Question 23

chromatin

Answer 23

DNA coiled around histone proteins

Question 24

centromere

Answer 24

the protein that holds two chromatids together to make a chromosome

Question 25

DNA

Answer 25

the basic form of genetic information, made of nucleotides joined into long strands, double helix

Question 26

complementary base pairs

Answer 26

DNA base pairs only bond with one other base (so they come in approximately equal proportions); adenine (A) with thymine (T), and guanine (G) with cytosine (C)

Question 27

pyrimidines

Answer 27

one ringed DNA bases, C and T

Question 28

purines

Answer 28

double ringed DNA bases, A and G

Question 29

nucleotide

Answer 29

Nucleic acid monomer, the building blocks of DNA, composed of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

Question 30

antiparallel

Answer 30

DNA strands run parallel to each other but in opposite directions (5' to 3' vs 3' to 5')

Question 31

3' end vs 5' end

Answer 31

numbers correspond to carbon atoms in sugar molecules, 5' end attaches to phosphate of next nucleotide

Question 32

deoxyribose

Answer 32

the 5 carbon sugar found in DNA nucleotides

Question 33

double helix

Answer 33

the shape of DNA, a twisted ladder

Question 34

Chargraff's rule

Answer 34

base pair rule, percentage of A=T and percentage of G=C

Question 35

DNA replication

Answer 35

the process of a cell duplicating its DNA in order to divide

Question 36

semi-conservative

Answer 36

describes DNA replication, in each new DNA molecule there is one new and one original strand

Question 37

origin of replication

Answer 37

the point where two DNA strands start separating in order to replicate

Question 38

replication fork

Answer 38

the fork shaped produced at the origin of replication where two DNA strands split

Question 39

DNA helicase

Answer 39

the enzyme that "unzips" (separates) DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds

Question 40

DNA polymerase

Answer 40

the enzyme that attaches to RNA primers and adds new DNA nucleotides onto DNA in the 5' to 3' direction following the base pair rule

Question 41

DNA ligase

Answer 41

the enzyme that joins together okazaki fragments (connects nucleotides)

Question 42

DNA nuclease

Answer 42

the enzyme that removes RNA primers (DNA polymerase replaces them with DNA)

Question 43

leading strand

Answer 43

builds continuoulsy, 5' end farthest from helicase

Question 44

lagging strand

Answer 44

builds in chunks, 5' end closest to helicase

Question 45

Okazaki fragments

Answer 45

the DNA fragments that are built on the lagging strand

Question 46

parent DNA

Answer 46

the original DNA strand that goes into replication

Question 47

daughter DNA

Answer 47

the new DNA strand produced in DNA replication with one original strand (from parent) and one new strand (built in replication)

Question 48

Totipotent

Answer 48

can become any type of cell and develop an organism on their own, think toti=total, ex: zygote cells (earliest stage of development) can turn into extraembryonic tissues (ex: placenta) or any cell type in the organism

Question 49

Pluripotent

Answer 49

can become any type of cell in the organism, cannot develop an organism on their own, think pluri=plural, ex: embryonic stem cells can turn into type of cell/tissue in the organism but not extraembryonic tissues

Question 50

Multipotent

Answer 50

can be become certain types of specialized cells, think multi, ex: adult stem cells-depending on location can become certain types of cells (skin, blood, etc)