Unit 9: Protein Synthesis and Biotechnology

Question 1

central dogma

Answer 1

information is transferred from DNA to RNA to proteins

Question 2

RNA

Answer 2

ribonucleic acid, made of nucleotides (ribose sugar, phosphate, bases-A, G, C, U), single stranded, can be found in or outside of nucleus

Question 3

Uracil (U)

Answer 3

base that pairs with A in RNA

Question 4

transcription

Answer 4

production of mRNA, segments of DNA serve as template (provide info for correct bases)

Question 5

RNA polymerase

Answer 5

an enzyme that binds to and separates DNA strands and adds bases to create RNA strand

Question 6

mRNA

Answer 6

messenger RNA, carries coded genetic info, made in nucleus, leaves nucleus

Question 7

RNA splicing

Answer 7

non-coding regions/introns are removed from pre-mRNA and coding regions/exons joined to create mature mRNA

Question 8

tRNA

Answer 8

transfer RNA, transfers amino acids, “decodes” genetic info

Question 9

codon

Answer 9

3 letter “word” in mRNA, codes for 1 amino acid

Question 10

reading frame

Answer 10

how the RNA sequence is read in terms of codons/divided in sets of 3

Question 11

anticodon

Answer 11

3 base sequence in tRNA

Question 12

translation

Answer 12

process of decoding mRNA to create a protein

Question 13

start and stop codons

Answer 13

the codons that signal to start or stop making RNA at that point

Question 14

ribosome

Answer 14

an organelle in which proteins are made

Question 15

large subunit

Answer 15

the larger part of a ribosome, important for protein synthesis

Question 16

small subunit

Answer 16

smaller part of a ribosome, important for protein synthesis

Question 17

A site

Answer 17

site where tRNA enters, lines up codons

Question 18

P site

Answer 18

site where amino acids bond based on matched codons

Question 19

E site

Answer 19

site where tRNA exits ribosome

Question 20

rRNA

Answer 20

ribosomal RNA

Question 21

mutation

Answer 21

change in a gene

Question 22

point mutation

Answer 22

occurs only at one point in a gene, one base changes, may affect more

Question 23

substitution

Answer 23

mutation that swaps one base for another

Question 24

silent

Answer 24

type of substitution, no change in amino acids

Question 25

missense

Answer 25

type of substitution, early stop codon

Question 26

nonsense

Answer 26

type of substitution, one amino acid is changed

Question 27

frameshift mutations

Answer 27

mutation that changes the number of bases, changes reading frame

Question 28

insertion

Answer 28

an extra base is added

Question 29

deletion (point)

Answer 29

a base is taken away

Question 30

chromosomal mutation

Answer 30

a mutation that affects the whole chromosome, change in one gene

Question 31

deletion (chromosomal)

Answer 31

a gene is deleted from chromosome

Question 32

duplication

Answer 32

an extra copy of a gene is added

Question 33

inversion

Answer 33

the order of genes is changed

Question 34

translocation

Answer 34

genes from one chromosome break off and attach to a part of another chromosome

Question 35

mutagen

Answer 35

chemical or physical agent in environment that can cause mutations

Question 36

gene expression

Answer 36

way in which DNA, RNA, and proteins are involved in putting genetic info into action

Question 37

gene regulation

Answer 37

process of controlling which genes in DNA are read (or used to make proteins)

Question 38

promoter

Answer 38

region of DNA that codes for "start"

Question 39

intron

Answer 39

non-coding section of pre-mRNA, cut out during RNA splicing

Question 40

exon

Answer 40

coding section of pre-mRNA, kept and put together in RNA splicing

Question 41

buffer

Answer 41

a solution that covers the gel in electrophoresis, helps the electric current to move through allowing DNA to move properly

Question 42

gel electrophoresis

Answer 42

process used to separate and compare DNA based on size (smaller molecules don't travel as far)

Question 43

DNA ladder

Answer 43

serves as a comparison point in gel electrophoresis to indicate how big each DNA fragment is

Question 44

PCR

Answer 44

polymerase chain reaction, process that is used to create many of copies of a section of DNA

Question 45

primer

Answer 45

short, single-stranded DNA fragments that bind to DNA and indicate where to start replication

Question 46

thermocycler

Answer 46

the machine that carries out PCR, uses a cycle of temperature changes to create the conditions for stages of PCR to occur

Question 47

denature

Answer 47

DNA strands separate when sampled is heated in PCR

Question 48

anneal

Answer 48

DNA primers bond, or anneal, to DNA strand during PCR