Unit 6 Study Guide

Question 1

Associative Learning

Answer 1

Learning that certain events occur together

2 stimuli or response and their consequence

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

Where one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events (natural

Involuntary/ automatic

Question 3

Operant Conditioning

Answer 3

Where behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Learn through action

Question 4

Observational (social) learning

Answer 4

Learning by observing others

Behaviorist pyschologists

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 5

Naturally occurring stimulus that triggers a response

Question 6

Unconditioned Response

Answer 6

Naturally occurring response

Question 7

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 7

An originally irrelevant / neutral stimulus that after an association w/ US comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 8

Conditioned Response

Answer 8

The learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned response

Learned at the seventh time

Responses are the same outcome

Question 9

Pavlov’s dog experiment

Answer 9

US - dog food
UR- salivation
CS- sound of a bell
CR- salivation

Question 10

Orders of conditioning

Answer 10

The farther out a link the weaker the stimulus

Ex dogs can go 3 orders

Question 11

Watsons little albert

Answer 11

US bang a metal
CS rat (liked at first)
Done at same time

UR neutral
CR fear & anxiety

Question 12

Extinction

Answer 12

The diminishing of a conditioned response

Break the link between conditioned and unconditioned stimulus to conditioned response
(Wont salivate without association)

Question 13

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 13

The reappearance after a pause (short extinction) of an extinguished conditioned response (salivate at bell again)

Question 14

Generalization

Answer 14

The tendency for stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to create similar responses

Question 15

Discrimination

Answer 15

Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimuli

Question 16

Throndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 16

Behaviors that have a positive outcome tend to be repeated, while negative reinforcements tend to die out

Question 17

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 17

Satisfies biological needs

Question 18

Secondary/ conditioned reinforcer

Answer 18

Something that is not naturally a reinforcer

Question 19

Positive Reinforcer

Answer 19

Presenting a motivating item after a desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior likely to occur

Question 20

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 20

A response or behavior is stopped by strengthening the negative outcome that follows

Question 21

Punishment

Answer 21

Any change in a human’s surroundings that occur after a given behavior. Reduces chance of reoccurence

Question 22

Fixed Ratio

Answer 22

Predicted Behavior

Best for acquiring behaviors

Question 23

Variable Ratio

Answer 23

Unpredictable Ratio
Ex slot machines
More resistant to extinction

Question 24

Fixed Interval

Answer 24

Rewardes after a fixed amount of time

TIME

Question 25

Variable Interval

Answer 25

Waiting for reinforcement after a random amount of time | WAITING/ CHECKING

Question 26

Flooding

Answer 26

Dears with fears more often gets rid of the fears

Question 27

Taste aversion

Answer 27

Linking food with vomit

Question 28

Phobia

Answer 28

Bad experience or event makes a bad association

Question 29

Learned helplessness

Answer 29

When you realize you can't escape a struggle so you give up

Question 30

Shaping

Answer 30

Break down complex behaviors into multiple steps Reward each step More reward closer to each task

Question 31

How children learn to be aggressive

Answer 31

Children learn observantly Best way to learn agressiveness is coping Mechanisms

Question 32

How to learn from a textbook

Answer 32

``` SQ3R Survey Question Read Recite Review ```

Question 33

Acquisition

Answer 33

Links neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus to trigger the conditioned response Cs=r

Question 34

Generalization

Answer 34

Tendency to respond the same way to different stimuli

Question 35

Discrimination

Answer 35

The ability to percieve and respond to differences among stimuli

Question 36

Modeling

Answer 36

Demonstrating appropriate behavior to be learned Mirror neurons- observational learning

Question 37

Bilogical predisposition

Answer 37

Dont need an event to dislike something like a taste aversion Genetic

Question 38

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 38

Want something for yourself Internal

Question 39

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 39

Outside pressure required to preform desired behavior

Question 40

Learning

Answer 40

A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

Question 41

Habituation

Answer 41

An organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure

Question 42

Latent Learning

Answer 42

Learning becomes obvious only once reinforcement is given for demonstarting it